See hạ on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
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"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "夏"
},
"expansion": "",
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{
"args": {
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"2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
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{
"args": {
"1": "夏"
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{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "hè"
},
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Japanese",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 夏. Doublet of hè. Compare xe and xa, chè and trà. Also compare Japanese go-on reading げ (ge) and kan-on reading か (ka) of the same Chinese word.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "hạ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hạ",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "vi",
"name": "Seasons",
"orig": "vi:Seasons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "vi",
"name": "Summer",
"orig": "vi:Summer",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "hạ chí"
},
{
"word": "Hạ Uy Di"
},
{
"word": "lập hạ"
},
{
"word": "mạnh hạ"
},
{
"word": "Ninh Hạ"
},
{
"word": "Tây Hạ"
},
{
"word": "trọng hạ"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "spring, summer, fall and winter",
"text": "xuân hạ thu đông",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"summer"
],
"id": "en-hạ-vi-noun-6DZkJVxp",
"links": [
[
"summer",
"summer"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) summer"
],
"related": [
{
"english": "spring",
"word": "xuân"
},
{
"word": "hè"
},
{
"english": "fall; autumn",
"word": "thu"
},
{
"english": "winter",
"word": "đông"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hè"
}
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[haː˧˨ʔ]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[haː˨˩ʔ]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[haː˨˩˨]",
"note": "Saigon"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"go-on",
"kan-on"
],
"word": "hạ"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bệ hạ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bộ hạ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "điện hạ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ cấp"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ cố"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ du"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ đẳng"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ độc"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ giá"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ gục"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ lưu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ nhục"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ tầng"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ thủ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hạ viện"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hành hạ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hèn hạ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "sinh hạ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "tại hạ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "thiên hạ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "thủ hạ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "thượng vàng hạ cám"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "triệt hạ"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "下"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "下"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 下",
"name": "vi-etym-sino"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 下.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "verb",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "hạ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hạ",
"name": "vi-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "nâng"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to lower"
],
"id": "en-hạ-vi-verb-X3PdVGCL",
"links": [
[
"lower",
"lower"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 18 30 24 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sino-Vietnamese words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
9,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
6
]
],
"english": "to shoot down",
"text": "bắn hạ",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bring down, to take down"
],
"id": "en-hạ-vi-verb-ZuQqjZ9B",
"links": [
[
"bring down",
"bring down"
],
[
"take down",
"take down"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to defeat"
],
"id": "en-hạ-vi-verb-7kWmnS7G",
"links": [
[
"defeat",
"defeat"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(in a competition) to defeat"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in a competition"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "vi",
"name": "Card games",
"orig": "vi:Card games",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "13 8 14 11 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 5 9 8 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 6 18 9 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to play (a card)"
],
"id": "en-hạ-vi-verb-5GklETGd",
"links": [
[
"card game",
"card game"
],
[
"play",
"play"
],
[
"card",
"card"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(card games) to play (a card)"
],
"topics": [
"card-games",
"games"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[haː˧˨ʔ]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[haː˨˩ʔ]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[haː˨˩˨]",
"note": "Saigon"
}
],
"word": "hạ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Sino-Vietnamese words",
"Vietnamese doublets",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese nouns",
"Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Vietnamese verbs",
"vi:Seasons",
"vi:Summer"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "hạ chí"
},
{
"word": "Hạ Uy Di"
},
{
"word": "lập hạ"
},
{
"word": "mạnh hạ"
},
{
"word": "Ninh Hạ"
},
{
"word": "Tây Hạ"
},
{
"word": "trọng hạ"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "夏"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
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{
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"1": "vi",
"2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
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"1": "夏"
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"expansion": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 夏",
"name": "vi-etym-sino"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "hè"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of hè",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Japanese",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 夏. Doublet of hè. Compare xe and xa, chè and trà. Also compare Japanese go-on reading げ (ge) and kan-on reading か (ka) of the same Chinese word.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "hạ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hạ",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"english": "spring",
"word": "xuân"
},
{
"word": "hè"
},
{
"english": "fall; autumn",
"word": "thu"
},
{
"english": "winter",
"word": "đông"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese literary terms",
"Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "spring, summer, fall and winter",
"text": "xuân hạ thu đông",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"summer"
],
"links": [
[
"summer",
"summer"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) summer"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hè"
}
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[haː˧˨ʔ]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[haː˨˩ʔ]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[haː˨˩˨]",
"note": "Saigon"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"go-on",
"kan-on"
],
"word": "hạ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Sino-Vietnamese words",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Vietnamese verbs",
"vi:Summer"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bệ hạ"
},
{
"word": "bộ hạ"
},
{
"word": "điện hạ"
},
{
"word": "hạ cấp"
},
{
"word": "hạ cố"
},
{
"word": "hạ du"
},
{
"word": "hạ đẳng"
},
{
"word": "hạ độc"
},
{
"word": "hạ giá"
},
{
"word": "hạ gục"
},
{
"word": "hạ lưu"
},
{
"word": "hạ nhục"
},
{
"word": "hạ tầng"
},
{
"word": "hạ thủ"
},
{
"word": "hạ viện"
},
{
"word": "hành hạ"
},
{
"word": "hèn hạ"
},
{
"word": "sinh hạ"
},
{
"word": "tại hạ"
},
{
"word": "thiên hạ"
},
{
"word": "thủ hạ"
},
{
"word": "thượng vàng hạ cám"
},
{
"word": "triệt hạ"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "下"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "下"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 下",
"name": "vi-etym-sino"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 下.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "verb",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "hạ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hạ",
"name": "vi-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "nâng"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to lower"
],
"links": [
[
"lower",
"lower"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
9,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
6
]
],
"english": "to shoot down",
"text": "bắn hạ",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bring down, to take down"
],
"links": [
[
"bring down",
"bring down"
],
[
"take down",
"take down"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to defeat"
],
"links": [
[
"defeat",
"defeat"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(in a competition) to defeat"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in a competition"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"vi:Card games"
],
"glosses": [
"to play (a card)"
],
"links": [
[
"card game",
"card game"
],
[
"play",
"play"
],
[
"card",
"card"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(card games) to play (a card)"
],
"topics": [
"card-games",
"games"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[haː˧˨ʔ]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[haː˨˩ʔ]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[haː˨˩˨]",
"note": "Saigon"
}
],
"word": "hạ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for hạ meaning in All languages combined (4.4kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Vietnamese: 'hạ du', originally 'hạ du'",
"path": [
"hạ"
],
"section": "Vietnamese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "hạ",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-05-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-20 using wiktextract (e937b02 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.