See geest on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for geest meaning in All languages combined (14.9kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "substantivization"
},
"expansion": "substantivization",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nds",
"3": "güst",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "dry and infertile"
},
"expansion": "Low German güst (“dry and infertile”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gml",
"3": "gēst",
"lit": "cracking, gaping, yawning",
"t": "dry, elevated"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German gēst (“dry, elevated”, literally “cracking, gaping, yawning”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "osx",
"3": "gīnan"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon gīnan",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gīnan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gīnan",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gähnen"
},
"expansion": "German gähnen",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A substantivization of Low German güst (“dry and infertile”, adjective), from Middle Low German gēst (“dry, elevated”, literally “cracking, gaping, yawning”), from Old Saxon gīnan, from Proto-West Germanic *gīnan. See also German gähnen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "geests",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "geest (plural geests)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Landforms",
"orig": "en:Landforms",
"parents": [
"Earth",
"Places",
"Nature",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1827, Georges Cuvier, translated by Robert Jameson, Essay on the Theory of the Earth",
"text": "the waves, beating agaiņst the geest, were thence repelled upon the marsch.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A type of slightly raised landscape, with sandy and gravelly soils, that occurs in the plains of Northern Germany, the Northern Netherlands and Denmark."
],
"id": "en-geest-en-noun-t94zcBO8",
"links": [
[
"Germany",
"Germany"
],
[
"Netherlands",
"Netherlands"
],
[
"Denmark",
"Denmark"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡiːst/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːst"
}
],
"word": "geest"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "begeestigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "berggeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bosgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "de geest geven"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "de geest is uit de fles"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "droefgeestig"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dwaalgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geest van salmiak"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestdodend"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestdrift"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestdrijver"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestelijk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestenbezweerder"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestenwereld"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geesteskind"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geesteskrank"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestesoog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geesteswetenschap"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestesziek"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestesziekte"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestig"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestrijk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestverschijning"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "geestverwant"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "handelsgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "hellegeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "hemelgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "huisgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "kleingeestig"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "klopgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "koopmansgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "kruideniersgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "kwelgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "mensengeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "naargeestig"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ondernemingsgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "plaaggeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ploeggeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "poltergeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "teamgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tijdgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "veldgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "voor de geest halen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "vrijgeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "wargeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "watergeest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "zwaardgeest"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "gees"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: gees",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: gees"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dcr",
"2": "geest"
},
"expansion": "Negerhollands: geest",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Negerhollands: geest"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "gêest"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch gêest",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "gēst"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch gēst",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "geist"
},
"expansion": "geist",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gaist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gaist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gaistaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gaistaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰeysd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeysd-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*ǵʰisd-",
"3": "",
"4": "anger, agitation"
},
"expansion": "*ǵʰisd- (“anger, agitation”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Geist"
},
"expansion": "German Geist",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "geast"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian geast",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ghost"
},
"expansion": "English ghost",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "gast"
},
"expansion": "Swedish gast",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch gêest, from Old Dutch gēst, geist, from Proto-West Germanic *gaist, from Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeysd-, *ǵʰisd- (“anger, agitation”).\nCognates\nCognate with German Geist, West Frisian geast, English ghost, Swedish gast.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "geesten",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "geestje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "-en",
"3": "geestje"
},
"expansion": "geest m (plural geesten, diminutive geestje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"geest"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The old castle is inhabited by ghosts and spirits.",
"text": "Het oude kasteel wordt bewoond door spoken en geesten.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "According to the legend, the spirit of an ancient king still roams around in the castle.",
"text": "Volgens de legende waart de geest van een oude koning nog steeds rond in het kasteel.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Do you believe that a genie can reside in a magical lamp?",
"text": "Geloof jij dat er een geest in een wonderlamp kan zitten?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ghost, spirit, immaterial being"
],
"id": "en-geest-nl-noun-RMNp5FZd",
"links": [
[
"ghost",
"ghost"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 28 34 5 2 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He had a confused mind and had difficulty concentrating.",
"text": "Hij had een verwarde geest en kon zich moeilijk concentreren.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The philosopher studied the workings of the mind and consciousness.",
"text": "De filosoof onderzocht de werking van de geest en het bewustzijn.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Watching soap operas and listening to sentimental pop ditties is pernicious for the mind.",
"text": "Soaps kijken en smartlappen luisteren is schadelijk voor de geest.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mind, mental consciousness"
],
"id": "en-geest-nl-noun-KbiWWpPZ",
"links": [
[
"mind",
"mind"
],
[
"consciousness",
"consciousness"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 28 34 5 2 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "To be successful in sports, a positive mindset is essential.",
"text": "Om succesvol te zijn in de sport, is een positieve geest essentieel.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The team had a winning mentality and never gave up.",
"text": "Het team had een winnende geest en gaf nooit op.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Focusing on enjoying life is part of the modern mindset.",
"text": "Het is in de geest van deze tijd om vooral te genieten van het leven.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mindset, mentality"
],
"id": "en-geest-nl-noun-ixXBbf5B",
"links": [
[
"mindset",
"mindset"
],
[
"mentality",
"mentality"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "According to some cultures, each person has an inner life force that leaves the body at death.",
"text": "Volgens sommige culturen heeft elke persoon een innerlijke geest die het lichaam verlaat bij de dood.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"life force, vital energy"
],
"id": "en-geest-nl-noun-f2rrT7DW",
"links": [
[
"life force",
"life force"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "nl",
"name": "Alchemy",
"orig": "nl:Alchemy",
"parents": [
"Forteana",
"Pseudoscience",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "In alchemy, the term spirit is used to refer to the volatile part of a substance.",
"text": "In alchemie wordt de term geest gebruikt om het vluchtige deel van een stof aan te duiden.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"spirit, gas, distillate, essence"
],
"id": "en-geest-nl-noun-nMaqTmPv",
"links": [
[
"alchemy",
"alchemy"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"gas",
"gas"
],
[
"distillate",
"distillate"
],
[
"essence",
"essence"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(alchemy) spirit, gas, distillate, essence"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"alchemy",
"pseudoscience"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɣeːst/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eːst"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-geest.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Nl-geest.ogg/Nl-geest.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Nl-geest.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"nl:geest (doorverwijspagina)"
],
"word": "geest"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "geest"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch geest",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*gēst"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *gēst",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nominalization"
},
"expansion": "nominalization",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gais-",
"4": "",
"5": "infertile"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gais- (“infertile”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*gīnan"
},
"expansion": "*gīnan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gähnen"
},
"expansion": "German gähnen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "gaast"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian gaast",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "geast"
},
"expansion": "geast",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Geest"
},
"expansion": "German Geest",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*gais-"
},
"expansion": "*gais-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gæsne",
"3": "",
"4": "infertility, poverty"
},
"expansion": "Old English gæsne (“infertility, poverty”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "gast",
"3": "",
"4": "waste"
},
"expansion": "Old French gast (“waste”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "gisinn",
"3": "",
"4": "dry"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic gisinn (“dry”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch geest, from Old Dutch *gēst, a nominalization of an adjective that meant “dry, infertile”, a derivation of Proto-Germanic *gais- (“infertile”), a root probably meaning \"cracking, breaking, gaping;\" see *gīnan. See also German gähnen.\nCognate to West Frisian gaast, geast (as in the Dutch/Frisian place name Gaasterland) and German Geest (which is borrowed from Low German). Other derivations of *gais- are: Old English gæsne (“infertility, poverty”), Old French gast (“waste”) and Icelandic gisinn (“dry”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "geesten",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "geestje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "-en",
"3": "geestje"
},
"expansion": "geest m (plural geesten, diminutive geestje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"geest"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 28 34 5 2 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "geestgrond"
},
{
"word": "Adegeest"
},
{
"word": "Boschgeest"
},
{
"word": "De Geest"
},
{
"word": "De Gest"
},
{
"word": "Geesteren"
},
{
"word": "Groot Dorregeest"
},
{
"word": "Klein Dorregeest"
},
{
"word": "Luttelgeest"
},
{
"word": "Noordgeest"
},
{
"word": "Oegstgeest"
},
{
"word": "Oostergeest"
},
{
"word": "Poelgeest"
},
{
"word": "Uitgeest"
},
{
"word": "Westergeest"
},
{
"word": "Zanegeest"
},
{
"word": "Zuidgeest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"heath, heathland"
],
"id": "en-geest-nl-noun-nl:heath",
"links": [
[
"heath",
"heath"
],
[
"heathland",
"heathland"
]
],
"senseid": [
"nl:heath"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɣeːst/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eːst"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-geest.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Nl-geest.ogg/Nl-geest.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Nl-geest.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Elmar Seebold",
"Etymological Dictionary of the German Language",
"de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache",
"nl:Gaasterland (streek)",
"nl:geest (doorverwijspagina)"
],
"word": "geest"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "geest",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to read poetry",
"word": "gesten"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of gesten (“to read poetry”)"
],
"id": "en-geest-enm-verb-kBC8LT3c",
"links": [
[
"gesten",
"gesten#Middle_English:_to_read_poetry"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "geest"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch masculine nouns",
"Dutch nouns",
"Dutch nouns with plural in -en",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Dutch terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:Dutch/eːst",
"Rhymes:Dutch/eːst/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "begeestigen"
},
{
"word": "berggeest"
},
{
"word": "bosgeest"
},
{
"word": "de geest geven"
},
{
"word": "de geest is uit de fles"
},
{
"word": "droefgeestig"
},
{
"word": "dwaalgeest"
},
{
"word": "geest van salmiak"
},
{
"word": "geestdodend"
},
{
"word": "geestdrift"
},
{
"word": "geestdrijver"
},
{
"word": "geestelijk"
},
{
"word": "geestenbezweerder"
},
{
"word": "geestenwereld"
},
{
"word": "geesteskind"
},
{
"word": "geesteskrank"
},
{
"word": "geestesoog"
},
{
"word": "geesteswetenschap"
},
{
"word": "geestesziek"
},
{
"word": "geestesziekte"
},
{
"word": "geestig"
},
{
"word": "geestrijk"
},
{
"word": "geestverschijning"
},
{
"word": "geestverwant"
},
{
"word": "handelsgeest"
},
{
"word": "hellegeest"
},
{
"word": "hemelgeest"
},
{
"word": "huisgeest"
},
{
"word": "kleingeestig"
},
{
"word": "klopgeest"
},
{
"word": "koopmansgeest"
},
{
"word": "kruideniersgeest"
},
{
"word": "kwelgeest"
},
{
"word": "mensengeest"
},
{
"word": "naargeestig"
},
{
"word": "ondernemingsgeest"
},
{
"word": "plaaggeest"
},
{
"word": "ploeggeest"
},
{
"word": "poltergeest"
},
{
"word": "teamgeest"
},
{
"word": "tijdgeest"
},
{
"word": "veldgeest"
},
{
"word": "voor de geest halen"
},
{
"word": "vrijgeest"
},
{
"word": "wargeest"
},
{
"word": "watergeest"
},
{
"word": "zwaardgeest"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "gees"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: gees",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: gees"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dcr",
"2": "geest"
},
"expansion": "Negerhollands: geest",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Negerhollands: geest"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "gêest"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch gêest",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "gēst"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch gēst",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "geist"
},
"expansion": "geist",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gaist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gaist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gaistaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gaistaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰeysd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeysd-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*ǵʰisd-",
"3": "",
"4": "anger, agitation"
},
"expansion": "*ǵʰisd- (“anger, agitation”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Geist"
},
"expansion": "German Geist",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "geast"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian geast",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ghost"
},
"expansion": "English ghost",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "gast"
},
"expansion": "Swedish gast",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch gêest, from Old Dutch gēst, geist, from Proto-West Germanic *gaist, from Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeysd-, *ǵʰisd- (“anger, agitation”).\nCognates\nCognate with German Geist, West Frisian geast, English ghost, Swedish gast.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "geesten",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "geestje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "-en",
"3": "geestje"
},
"expansion": "geest m (plural geesten, diminutive geestje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"geest"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The old castle is inhabited by ghosts and spirits.",
"text": "Het oude kasteel wordt bewoond door spoken en geesten.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "According to the legend, the spirit of an ancient king still roams around in the castle.",
"text": "Volgens de legende waart de geest van een oude koning nog steeds rond in het kasteel.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Do you believe that a genie can reside in a magical lamp?",
"text": "Geloof jij dat er een geest in een wonderlamp kan zitten?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ghost, spirit, immaterial being"
],
"links": [
[
"ghost",
"ghost"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He had a confused mind and had difficulty concentrating.",
"text": "Hij had een verwarde geest en kon zich moeilijk concentreren.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The philosopher studied the workings of the mind and consciousness.",
"text": "De filosoof onderzocht de werking van de geest en het bewustzijn.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Watching soap operas and listening to sentimental pop ditties is pernicious for the mind.",
"text": "Soaps kijken en smartlappen luisteren is schadelijk voor de geest.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mind, mental consciousness"
],
"links": [
[
"mind",
"mind"
],
[
"consciousness",
"consciousness"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "To be successful in sports, a positive mindset is essential.",
"text": "Om succesvol te zijn in de sport, is een positieve geest essentieel.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The team had a winning mentality and never gave up.",
"text": "Het team had een winnende geest en gaf nooit op.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Focusing on enjoying life is part of the modern mindset.",
"text": "Het is in de geest van deze tijd om vooral te genieten van het leven.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mindset, mentality"
],
"links": [
[
"mindset",
"mindset"
],
[
"mentality",
"mentality"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "According to some cultures, each person has an inner life force that leaves the body at death.",
"text": "Volgens sommige culturen heeft elke persoon een innerlijke geest die het lichaam verlaat bij de dood.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"life force, vital energy"
],
"links": [
[
"life force",
"life force"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples",
"nl:Alchemy"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "In alchemy, the term spirit is used to refer to the volatile part of a substance.",
"text": "In alchemie wordt de term geest gebruikt om het vluchtige deel van een stof aan te duiden.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"spirit, gas, distillate, essence"
],
"links": [
[
"alchemy",
"alchemy"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"gas",
"gas"
],
[
"distillate",
"distillate"
],
[
"essence",
"essence"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(alchemy) spirit, gas, distillate, essence"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"alchemy",
"pseudoscience"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɣeːst/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eːst"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-geest.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Nl-geest.ogg/Nl-geest.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Nl-geest.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"nl:geest (doorverwijspagina)"
],
"word": "geest"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch masculine nouns",
"Dutch nouns",
"Dutch nouns with plural in -en",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Dutch terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:Dutch/eːst",
"Rhymes:Dutch/eːst/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "geestgrond"
},
{
"word": "Adegeest"
},
{
"word": "Boschgeest"
},
{
"word": "De Geest"
},
{
"word": "De Gest"
},
{
"word": "Geesteren"
},
{
"word": "Groot Dorregeest"
},
{
"word": "Klein Dorregeest"
},
{
"word": "Luttelgeest"
},
{
"word": "Noordgeest"
},
{
"word": "Oegstgeest"
},
{
"word": "Oostergeest"
},
{
"word": "Poelgeest"
},
{
"word": "Uitgeest"
},
{
"word": "Westergeest"
},
{
"word": "Zanegeest"
},
{
"word": "Zuidgeest"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "geest"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch geest",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*gēst"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *gēst",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nominalization"
},
"expansion": "nominalization",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gais-",
"4": "",
"5": "infertile"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gais- (“infertile”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*gīnan"
},
"expansion": "*gīnan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gähnen"
},
"expansion": "German gähnen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "gaast"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian gaast",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "geast"
},
"expansion": "geast",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Geest"
},
"expansion": "German Geest",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*gais-"
},
"expansion": "*gais-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gæsne",
"3": "",
"4": "infertility, poverty"
},
"expansion": "Old English gæsne (“infertility, poverty”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "gast",
"3": "",
"4": "waste"
},
"expansion": "Old French gast (“waste”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "gisinn",
"3": "",
"4": "dry"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic gisinn (“dry”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch geest, from Old Dutch *gēst, a nominalization of an adjective that meant “dry, infertile”, a derivation of Proto-Germanic *gais- (“infertile”), a root probably meaning \"cracking, breaking, gaping;\" see *gīnan. See also German gähnen.\nCognate to West Frisian gaast, geast (as in the Dutch/Frisian place name Gaasterland) and German Geest (which is borrowed from Low German). Other derivations of *gais- are: Old English gæsne (“infertility, poverty”), Old French gast (“waste”) and Icelandic gisinn (“dry”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "geesten",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "geestje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "-en",
"3": "geestje"
},
"expansion": "geest m (plural geesten, diminutive geestje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"geest"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"heath, heathland"
],
"links": [
[
"heath",
"heath"
],
[
"heathland",
"heathland"
]
],
"senseid": [
"nl:heath"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɣeːst/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eːst"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-geest.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Nl-geest.ogg/Nl-geest.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Nl-geest.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Elmar Seebold",
"Etymological Dictionary of the German Language",
"de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache",
"nl:Gaasterland (streek)",
"nl:geest (doorverwijspagina)"
],
"word": "geest"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "substantivization"
},
"expansion": "substantivization",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nds",
"3": "güst",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "dry and infertile"
},
"expansion": "Low German güst (“dry and infertile”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gml",
"3": "gēst",
"lit": "cracking, gaping, yawning",
"t": "dry, elevated"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German gēst (“dry, elevated”, literally “cracking, gaping, yawning”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "osx",
"3": "gīnan"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon gīnan",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gīnan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gīnan",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gähnen"
},
"expansion": "German gähnen",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A substantivization of Low German güst (“dry and infertile”, adjective), from Middle Low German gēst (“dry, elevated”, literally “cracking, gaping, yawning”), from Old Saxon gīnan, from Proto-West Germanic *gīnan. See also German gähnen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "geests",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "geest (plural geests)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Low German",
"English terms derived from Middle Low German",
"English terms derived from Old Saxon",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"Rhymes:English/iːst",
"Rhymes:English/iːst/1 syllable",
"en:Landforms"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1827, Georges Cuvier, translated by Robert Jameson, Essay on the Theory of the Earth",
"text": "the waves, beating agaiņst the geest, were thence repelled upon the marsch.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A type of slightly raised landscape, with sandy and gravelly soils, that occurs in the plains of Northern Germany, the Northern Netherlands and Denmark."
],
"links": [
[
"Germany",
"Germany"
],
[
"Netherlands",
"Netherlands"
],
[
"Denmark",
"Denmark"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡiːst/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːst"
}
],
"word": "geest"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "geest",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to read poetry",
"word": "gesten"
}
],
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of gesten (“to read poetry”)"
],
"links": [
[
"gesten",
"gesten#Middle_English:_to_read_poetry"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "geest"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.