See espalier on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "espalier"
},
"expansion": "French espalier",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "spalliera"
},
"expansion": "Italian spalliera",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French espalier, from Italian spalliera, from spalla (“shoulder”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espaliers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "espalier (plural espaliers)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "67 4 5 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "64 7 8 20",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "en:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 223:",
"text": "The garment stalls carried the traditional blue vine-dressers' outfits, sunhats, and the great willow pitchforks grown in espalier at villages like Sauve.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A latticework used to shape or train the branches of a tree or shrub into a two-dimensional ornamental or useful design, as along a wall or fence."
],
"id": "en-espalier-en-noun-Pph072VW",
"links": [
[
"branches",
"branches"
],
[
"tree",
"tree"
],
[
"shrub",
"shrub"
],
[
"ornamental",
"ornamental"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1915 April, F. J. Smiley, “The alpine and subapline vegetation of the Lake Tahoe region”, in Botanical Gazette, volume 59, page 265:",
"text": "It is on this rocky surface that one finds many of the growth forms associated with extreme life conditions: polsters, mat plants, espaliers.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A plant that has been shaped in this manner."
],
"id": "en-espalier-en-noun-vunZn4SI",
"links": [
[
"plant",
"plant"
],
[
"shape",
"shape"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A row of plants that have been shaped in this manner."
],
"id": "en-espalier-en-noun-fZnJdthX",
"links": [
[
"row",
"row"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪˈspalɪə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ˈpæl.i.eɪ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛs-/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪˈspæl.jɚ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-jeɪ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛsˈpæl-/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-espalier.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/En-us-espalier.ogg/En-us-espalier.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/En-us-espalier.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-espalier2.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/En-us-espalier2.ogg/En-us-espalier2.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/En-us-espalier2.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"espalier"
],
"word": "espalier"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "espalier"
},
"expansion": "French espalier",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "spalliera"
},
"expansion": "Italian spalliera",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French espalier, from Italian spalliera, from spalla (“shoulder”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espaliers",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espaliering",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "espaliered",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "espaliered",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "espalier (third-person singular simple present espaliers, present participle espaliering, simple past and past participle espaliered)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To train a plant in this manner."
],
"id": "en-espalier-en-verb-mYClLg13",
"related": [
{
"word": "arborsculpture"
},
{
"word": "bonsai"
},
{
"word": "topiary"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪˈspalɪə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ˈpæl.i.eɪ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛs-/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪˈspæl.jɚ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-jeɪ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛsˈpæl-/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-espalier.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/En-us-espalier.ogg/En-us-espalier.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/En-us-espalier.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-espalier2.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/En-us-espalier2.ogg/En-us-espalier2.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/En-us-espalier2.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"espalier"
],
"word": "espalier"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "it",
"3": "spalliera"
},
"expansion": "Italian spalliera",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Italian spalliera.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espaliers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "espalier m (plural espaliers)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "fr:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"espalier"
],
"id": "en-espalier-fr-noun-qPD6ZnAH",
"links": [
[
"agriculture",
"agriculture"
],
[
"espalier",
"espalier#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(agriculture) espalier"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"agriculture",
"business",
"lifestyle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Sports",
"orig": "fr:Sports",
"parents": [
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "13 1 2 5 1 41 1 18 1 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 1 1 4 0 44 0 18 0 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 96",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wall bars"
],
"id": "en-espalier-fr-noun-yJ5GAd~z",
"links": [
[
"sports",
"sports"
],
[
"wall bars",
"wall bars"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(sports) wall bars"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛs.pa.lje/"
}
],
"word": "espalier"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "fr",
"3": "espalier"
},
"expansion": "French espalier",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "it",
"3": "spalliera"
},
"expansion": "Italian spalliera",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French espalier, from Italian spalliera, from spalla (“shoulder”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espalieret",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espalier",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espalierer",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espaliera",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espalierene",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "nb",
"name": "Horticulture",
"orig": "nb:Horticulture",
"parents": [
"Agriculture",
"Botany",
"Applied sciences",
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"espalier"
],
"id": "en-espalier-nb-noun-qPD6ZnAH",
"links": [
[
"horticulture",
"horticulture"
],
[
"espalier",
"espalier#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(horticulture) espalier"
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"topics": [
"agriculture",
"business",
"horticulture",
"lifestyle"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Danne espalier"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A formation of people lined up in two columns facing each other (to secure a passageway)."
],
"id": "en-espalier-nb-noun--PztspQB",
"links": [
[
"passageway",
"passageway"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "espalier"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "fr",
"3": "espalier"
},
"expansion": "French espalier",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "it",
"3": "spalliera"
},
"expansion": "Italian spalliera",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French espalier, from Italian spalliera, from spalla (“shoulder”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espalieret",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espalier",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espaliera",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "nn",
"name": "Horticulture",
"orig": "nn:Horticulture",
"parents": [
"Agriculture",
"Botany",
"Applied sciences",
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"espalier"
],
"id": "en-espalier-nn-noun-qPD6ZnAH",
"links": [
[
"horticulture",
"horticulture"
],
[
"espalier",
"espalier#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(horticulture) espalier"
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"topics": [
"agriculture",
"business",
"horticulture",
"lifestyle"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Danne espalier"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A formation of people lined up in two columns facing each other (to secure a passageway)."
],
"id": "en-espalier-nn-noun--PztspQB",
"links": [
[
"passageway",
"passageway"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "espalier"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from French",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Italian",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"en:Agriculture"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "espalier"
},
"expansion": "French espalier",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "spalliera"
},
"expansion": "Italian spalliera",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French espalier, from Italian spalliera, from spalla (“shoulder”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espaliers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "espalier (plural espaliers)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 223:",
"text": "The garment stalls carried the traditional blue vine-dressers' outfits, sunhats, and the great willow pitchforks grown in espalier at villages like Sauve.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A latticework used to shape or train the branches of a tree or shrub into a two-dimensional ornamental or useful design, as along a wall or fence."
],
"links": [
[
"branches",
"branches"
],
[
"tree",
"tree"
],
[
"shrub",
"shrub"
],
[
"ornamental",
"ornamental"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1915 April, F. J. Smiley, “The alpine and subapline vegetation of the Lake Tahoe region”, in Botanical Gazette, volume 59, page 265:",
"text": "It is on this rocky surface that one finds many of the growth forms associated with extreme life conditions: polsters, mat plants, espaliers.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A plant that has been shaped in this manner."
],
"links": [
[
"plant",
"plant"
],
[
"shape",
"shape"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A row of plants that have been shaped in this manner."
],
"links": [
[
"row",
"row"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪˈspalɪə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ˈpæl.i.eɪ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛs-/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪˈspæl.jɚ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-jeɪ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛsˈpæl-/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-espalier.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/En-us-espalier.ogg/En-us-espalier.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/En-us-espalier.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-espalier2.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/En-us-espalier2.ogg/En-us-espalier2.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/En-us-espalier2.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"espalier"
],
"word": "espalier"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from French",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Italian",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"en:Agriculture"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "espalier"
},
"expansion": "French espalier",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "spalliera"
},
"expansion": "Italian spalliera",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French espalier, from Italian spalliera, from spalla (“shoulder”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espaliers",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espaliering",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "espaliered",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "espaliered",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "espalier (third-person singular simple present espaliers, present participle espaliering, simple past and past participle espaliered)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "arborsculpture"
},
{
"word": "bonsai"
},
{
"word": "topiary"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To train a plant in this manner."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪˈspalɪə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ˈpæl.i.eɪ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛs-/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪˈspæl.jɚ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-jeɪ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛsˈpæl-/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-espalier.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/En-us-espalier.ogg/En-us-espalier.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/En-us-espalier.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-espalier2.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/En-us-espalier2.ogg/En-us-espalier2.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/En-us-espalier2.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"espalier"
],
"word": "espalier"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 3-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Italian",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French undefined derivations",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "it",
"3": "spalliera"
},
"expansion": "Italian spalliera",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Italian spalliera.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espaliers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "espalier m (plural espaliers)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"fr:Agriculture"
],
"glosses": [
"espalier"
],
"links": [
[
"agriculture",
"agriculture"
],
[
"espalier",
"espalier#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(agriculture) espalier"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"agriculture",
"business",
"lifestyle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"fr:Sports"
],
"glosses": [
"wall bars"
],
"links": [
[
"sports",
"sports"
],
[
"wall bars",
"wall bars"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(sports) wall bars"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛs.pa.lje/"
}
],
"word": "espalier"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "fr",
"3": "espalier"
},
"expansion": "French espalier",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "it",
"3": "spalliera"
},
"expansion": "Italian spalliera",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French espalier, from Italian spalliera, from spalla (“shoulder”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espalieret",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espalier",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espalierer",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espaliera",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espalierene",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"nb:Horticulture"
],
"glosses": [
"espalier"
],
"links": [
[
"horticulture",
"horticulture"
],
[
"espalier",
"espalier#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(horticulture) espalier"
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"topics": [
"agriculture",
"business",
"horticulture",
"lifestyle"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Danne espalier"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A formation of people lined up in two columns facing each other (to secure a passageway)."
],
"links": [
[
"passageway",
"passageway"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "espalier"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "fr",
"3": "espalier"
},
"expansion": "French espalier",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "it",
"3": "spalliera"
},
"expansion": "Italian spalliera",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French espalier, from Italian spalliera, from spalla (“shoulder”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espalieret",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espalier",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espaliera",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"nn:Horticulture"
],
"glosses": [
"espalier"
],
"links": [
[
"horticulture",
"horticulture"
],
[
"espalier",
"espalier#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(horticulture) espalier"
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"topics": [
"agriculture",
"business",
"horticulture",
"lifestyle"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Danne espalier"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A formation of people lined up in two columns facing each other (to secure a passageway)."
],
"links": [
[
"passageway",
"passageway"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "espalier"
}
Download raw JSONL data for espalier meaning in All languages combined (8.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.