"boustrophedon" meaning in All languages combined

See boustrophedon on Wiktionary

Adjective [English]

IPA: /ˌbuːstɹəˈfiːdən/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-boustrophedon.wav [Southern-England]
Etymology: Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), from βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix). Etymology templates: {{root|en|ine-pro|*gʷṓws}}, {{glossary|loanword|Borrowed}} Borrowed, {{bor|en|grc|βουστροφηδόν|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=turning like an ox|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), {{bor+|en|grc|βουστροφηδόν|lit=turning like an ox}} Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), {{af|grc|βοῦς|στροφή|-ηδόν|nocat=1|pos3=adverbial suffix|t1=ox|t2=turning}} βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix) Head templates: {{en-adj|-}} boustrophedon (not comparable)
  1. (historical, calligraphy, of writing) Written from right-to-left and left-to-right on alternate lines. Tags: historical, not-comparable Categories (topical): Calligraphy
    Sense id: en-boustrophedon-en-adj-g4UcDgZV Topics: arts, calligraphy, communications, journalism, literature, media, publishing, writing
  2. (figuratively) Changing direction, going back and forth. Tags: figuratively, not-comparable
    Sense id: en-boustrophedon-en-adj-fQ8NZWnI Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 10 50 7 33
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: boustrophedonally

Adverb [English]

IPA: /ˌbuːstɹəˈfiːdən/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-boustrophedon.wav [Southern-England]
Etymology: Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), from βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix). Etymology templates: {{root|en|ine-pro|*gʷṓws}}, {{glossary|loanword|Borrowed}} Borrowed, {{bor|en|grc|βουστροφηδόν|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=turning like an ox|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), {{bor+|en|grc|βουστροφηδόν|lit=turning like an ox}} Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), {{af|grc|βοῦς|στροφή|-ηδόν|nocat=1|pos3=adverbial suffix|t1=ox|t2=turning}} βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix) Head templates: {{en-adv|-}} boustrophedon (not comparable)
  1. (historical, calligraphy, of writing) In a fashion such that the reading direction changes from right-to-left to left-to-right with each new line. Tags: historical, not-comparable Categories (topical): Calligraphy
    Sense id: en-boustrophedon-en-adv-nszqF008 Topics: arts, calligraphy, communications, journalism, literature, media, publishing, writing

Noun [English]

IPA: /ˌbuːstɹəˈfiːdən/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-boustrophedon.wav [Southern-England] Forms: boustrophedons [plural]
Etymology: Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), from βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix). Etymology templates: {{root|en|ine-pro|*gʷṓws}}, {{glossary|loanword|Borrowed}} Borrowed, {{bor|en|grc|βουστροφηδόν|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=turning like an ox|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), {{bor+|en|grc|βουστροφηδόν|lit=turning like an ox}} Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), {{af|grc|βοῦς|στροφή|-ηδόν|nocat=1|pos3=adverbial suffix|t1=ox|t2=turning}} βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix) Head templates: {{en-noun|~}} boustrophedon (countable and uncountable, plural boustrophedons)
  1. (historical, calligraphy, of writing) Writing that is right-to-left and left-to-right on alternate lines. Tags: countable, historical, uncountable Categories (topical): Calligraphy Derived forms: boustrophedic, boustrophedonic, boustrophedonically, reverse boustrophedon Related terms: stoichedon Translations (writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right): بُطْرُفَة (buṭrufa) (Arabic), bustrofèdon [masculine] (Catalan), plugoskribado (Esperanto), tienreena skribo (Esperanto), bustrofedono (Esperanto), boustrophédon [masculine] (French), सर्पलेखन (sarpalekhan) (Hindi), 牛耕式 (gyūkōshiki) (alt: ぎゅうこうしき) (Japanese), bustrofedon [masculine] (Polish), bustrofédon [masculine] (Portuguese), bustrófedon (Spanish), bustrofedon (Swedish), plogskrift [common-gender] (Swedish), oxplöjarskrift [common-gender] (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-boustrophedon-en-noun-5MFSi2zp Topics: arts, calligraphy, communications, journalism, literature, media, publishing, writing

Adjective [German]

IPA: [bʊstʁofeˈdɔn] Audio: De-boustrophedon.ogg
Etymology: Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón). Etymology templates: {{glossary|loanword|Borrowed}} Borrowed, {{bor|de|grc|βουστροφηδόν|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón), {{bor+|de|grc|βουστροφηδόν}} Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón) Head templates: {{de-adj}} boustrophedon (strong nominative masculine singular boustrophedoner, not comparable) Inflection templates: {{de-adecl}} Forms: boustrophedoner [masculine, nominative, singular, strong], no-table-tags [table-tags], boustrophedon [masculine, predicative, singular], boustrophedon [feminine, predicative, singular], boustrophedon [neuter, predicative, singular], boustrophedon [plural, predicative], boustrophedoner [masculine, nominative, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedone [feminine, nominative, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedones [neuter, nominative, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedone [nominative, plural, strong, without-article], boustrophedonen [genitive, masculine, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedoner [feminine, genitive, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedonen [genitive, neuter, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedoner [genitive, plural, strong, without-article], boustrophedonem [dative, masculine, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedoner [dative, feminine, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedonem [dative, neuter, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedonen [dative, plural, strong, without-article], boustrophedonen [accusative, masculine, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedone [accusative, feminine, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedones [accusative, neuter, singular, strong, without-article], boustrophedone [accusative, plural, strong, without-article], der boustrophedone [definite, includes-article, masculine, nominative, singular, weak], die boustrophedone [definite, feminine, includes-article, nominative, singular, weak], das boustrophedone [definite, includes-article, neuter, nominative, singular, weak], die boustrophedonen [definite, includes-article, nominative, plural, weak], des boustrophedonen [definite, genitive, includes-article, masculine, singular, weak], der boustrophedonen [definite, feminine, genitive, includes-article, singular, weak], des boustrophedonen [definite, genitive, includes-article, neuter, singular, weak], der boustrophedonen [definite, genitive, includes-article, plural, weak], dem boustrophedonen [dative, definite, includes-article, masculine, singular, weak], der boustrophedonen [dative, definite, feminine, includes-article, singular, weak], dem boustrophedonen [dative, definite, includes-article, neuter, singular, weak], den boustrophedonen [dative, definite, includes-article, plural, weak], den boustrophedonen [accusative, definite, includes-article, masculine, singular, weak], die boustrophedone [accusative, definite, feminine, includes-article, singular, weak], das boustrophedone [accusative, definite, includes-article, neuter, singular, weak], die boustrophedonen [accusative, definite, includes-article, plural, weak], ein boustrophedoner [includes-article, indefinite, masculine, mixed, nominative, singular], eine boustrophedone [feminine, includes-article, indefinite, mixed, nominative, singular], ein boustrophedones [includes-article, indefinite, mixed, neuter, nominative, singular], boustrophedonen [indefinite, mixed, nominative, plural], keine boustrophedonen [includes-article, indefinite, mixed, negative, nominative, plural], eines boustrophedonen [genitive, includes-article, indefinite, masculine, mixed, singular], einer boustrophedonen [feminine, genitive, includes-article, indefinite, mixed, singular], eines boustrophedonen [genitive, includes-article, indefinite, mixed, neuter, singular], boustrophedonen [genitive, indefinite, mixed, plural], keiner boustrophedonen [genitive, includes-article, indefinite, mixed, negative, plural], einem boustrophedonen [dative, includes-article, indefinite, masculine, mixed, singular], einer boustrophedonen [dative, feminine, includes-article, indefinite, mixed, singular], einem boustrophedonen [dative, includes-article, indefinite, mixed, neuter, singular], boustrophedonen [dative, indefinite, mixed, plural], keinen boustrophedonen [dative, includes-article, indefinite, mixed, negative, plural], einen boustrophedonen [accusative, includes-article, indefinite, masculine, mixed, singular], eine boustrophedone [accusative, feminine, includes-article, indefinite, mixed, singular], ein boustrophedones [accusative, includes-article, indefinite, mixed, neuter, singular], boustrophedonen [accusative, indefinite, mixed, plural], keine boustrophedonen [accusative, includes-article, indefinite, mixed, negative, plural]
  1. Alternative form of bustrophedon; boustrophedon Tags: alt-of, alternative, not-comparable Alternative form of: bustrophedon (extra: boustrophedon)
    Sense id: en-boustrophedon-de-adj-JP0es2Y8 Categories (other): German entries with incorrect language header

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for boustrophedon meaning in All languages combined (21.8kB)

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        "lit": "turning like an ox",
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  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), from βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix).",
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      "tags": [
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{
  "derived": [
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      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "boustrophedonally"
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            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
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      ],
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        "Changing direction, going back and forth."
      ],
      "id": "en-boustrophedon-en-adj-fQ8NZWnI",
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        "(figuratively) Changing direction, going back and forth."
      ],
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        "not-comparable"
      ]
    }
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  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), from βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix).",
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      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
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        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Calligraphy",
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            "Culture",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Language",
            "Society",
            "Human",
            "Communication",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
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        }
      ],
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        {
          "word": "boustrophedic"
        },
        {
          "word": "boustrophedonic"
        },
        {
          "word": "boustrophedonically"
        },
        {
          "word": "reverse boustrophedon"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1980, Leslie Threatte, The Grammar of Attic Inscriptions: Phonology, page 55",
          "text": "The number of Attic boustrophedon texts is fairly small; most of those just cited have been brought down by the experts to a date close to 550 B.C., a date to which several texts of more than one line inscribed left to right may also be assigned (cf. pp.56—57 infra), besides the four-line retrograde sep. mon. of Pediarchus cited in the previous section (cf. p.52 supra). Stone texts only really become numerous in Attica about 550, and by this time it is clear that left-to-right writing is just as common as boustrophedon, and may have been so even earlier.[…]After 540 boustrophedon was certainly unusual.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2000, Richard Sproat, A Computational Theory of Writing Systems, page 61",
          "text": "(Venetic apparently had both kinds of boustrophedon, either flipping the face of the characters when switching direction or else inverting them (Lejeune, 1974, pages 180-181).)",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2002, Elmer H. Antonsen, Runes and Germanic Linguistics, page 132",
          "text": "He draws a sharp distinction between true boustrophedon, which has the tops of the runes pointed in the same direction, but with a change in the direction of writing with each line, and false boustrophedon, which changes from upright to inverted runes with each line, but the lines themselves are each written in the same direction.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Writing that is right-to-left and left-to-right on alternate lines."
      ],
      "id": "en-boustrophedon-en-noun-5MFSi2zp",
      "links": [
        [
          "calligraphy",
          "calligraphy"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical, calligraphy, of writing) Writing that is right-to-left and left-to-right on alternate lines."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of writing"
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "stoichedon"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "historical",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "arts",
        "calligraphy",
        "communications",
        "journalism",
        "literature",
        "media",
        "publishing",
        "writing"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "buṭrufa",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "word": "بُطْرُفَة"
        },
        {
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "bustrofèdon"
        },
        {
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "word": "plugoskribado"
        },
        {
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "word": "tienreena skribo"
        },
        {
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "word": "bustrofedono"
        },
        {
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "boustrophédon"
        },
        {
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "roman": "sarpalekhan",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "word": "सर्पलेखन"
        },
        {
          "alt": "ぎゅうこうしき",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "gyūkōshiki",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "word": "牛耕式"
        },
        {
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "bustrofedon"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "bustrofédon"
        },
        {
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "word": "bustrófedon"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "word": "bustrofedon"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "plogskrift"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "oxplöjarskrift"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌbuːstɹəˈfiːdən/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-boustrophedon.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-boustrophedon.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-boustrophedon.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-boustrophedon.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-boustrophedon.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Southern-England"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Southern England)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "boustrophedon"
  ],
  "word": "boustrophedon"
}

{
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      "args": {
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        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
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      },
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    }
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      "form": "no-table-tags",
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      ]
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      "form": "de-adecl",
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      "form": "boustrophedon",
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      "form": "boustrophedon",
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      "form": "boustrophedon",
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    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedon",
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        "without-article"
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    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedonem",
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        "feminine",
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        "neuter",
        "singular",
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    {
      "form": "boustrophedonen",
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        "dative",
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        "strong",
        "without-article"
      ]
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        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
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        "without-article"
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        "strong",
        "without-article"
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    },
    {
      "form": "der boustrophedone",
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        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
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    },
    {
      "form": "die boustrophedone",
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        "definite",
        "feminine",
        "includes-article",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "das boustrophedone",
      "source": "declension",
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        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "die boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "des boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "der boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "des boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
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        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
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    {
      "form": "der boustrophedonen",
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        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dem boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "der boustrophedonen",
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        "dative",
        "definite",
        "feminine",
        "includes-article",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dem boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
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        "dative",
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "den boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "den boustrophedonen",
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        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "die boustrophedone",
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        "accusative",
        "definite",
        "feminine",
        "includes-article",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "das boustrophedone",
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        "accusative",
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
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    },
    {
      "form": "die boustrophedonen",
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        "accusative",
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
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        "weak"
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    },
    {
      "form": "ein boustrophedoner",
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        "masculine",
        "mixed",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
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    {
      "form": "eine boustrophedone",
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        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
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    },
    {
      "form": "ein boustrophedones",
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    {
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        "mixed",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keine boustrophedonen",
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        "mixed",
        "negative",
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    {
      "form": "eines boustrophedonen",
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    {
      "form": "einer boustrophedonen",
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        "includes-article",
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        "mixed",
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    {
      "form": "eines boustrophedonen",
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        "singular"
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    {
      "form": "boustrophedonen",
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        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "plural"
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    {
      "form": "keiner boustrophedonen",
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        "includes-article",
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    {
      "form": "einem boustrophedonen",
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        "mixed",
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      "form": "einer boustrophedonen",
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        "includes-article",
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        "singular"
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      "form": "einen boustrophedonen",
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        "mixed",
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        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "singular"
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    {
      "form": "ein boustrophedones",
      "source": "declension",
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        "neuter",
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{
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    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "grc",
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        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "turning like an ox",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "grc",
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      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”)",
      "name": "bor+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "βοῦς",
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        "nocat": "1",
        "pos3": "adverbial suffix",
        "t1": "ox",
        "t2": "turning"
      },
      "expansion": "βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix)",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), from βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix).",
  "head_templates": [
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
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        "en:Calligraphy"
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      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "calligraphy",
          "calligraphy"
        ]
      ],
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      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of writing"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical",
        "not-comparable"
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      "topics": [
        "arts",
        "calligraphy",
        "communications",
        "journalism",
        "literature",
        "media",
        "publishing",
        "writing"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌbuːstɹəˈfiːdən/"
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      "tags": [
        "Southern-England"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Southern England)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
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  ],
  "word": "boustrophedon"
}

{
  "categories": [
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    "English entries with incorrect language header",
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    "English nouns",
    "English terms borrowed from Ancient Greek",
    "English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷṓws",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "English uncomparable adverbs",
    "English uncountable nouns"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "boustrophedonally"
    }
  ],
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      "args": {
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      "args": {
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      },
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    },
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    },
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      },
      "expansion": "βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix)",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), from βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix).",
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
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        "en:Calligraphy"
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      "glosses": [
        "Written from right-to-left and left-to-right on alternate lines."
      ],
      "links": [
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          "calligraphy",
          "calligraphy"
        ]
      ],
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        "(historical, calligraphy, of writing) Written from right-to-left and left-to-right on alternate lines."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of writing"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical",
        "not-comparable"
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        "calligraphy",
        "communications",
        "journalism",
        "literature",
        "media",
        "publishing",
        "writing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Changing direction, going back and forth."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) Changing direction, going back and forth."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "not-comparable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌbuːstɹəˈfiːdən/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-boustrophedon.wav",
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      ],
      "text": "Audio (Southern England)"
    }
  ],
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}

{
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    "English adverbs",
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    "English entries with incorrect language header",
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    "English nouns",
    "English terms borrowed from Ancient Greek",
    "English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷṓws",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "English uncomparable adverbs",
    "English uncountable nouns"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "boustrophedic"
    },
    {
      "word": "boustrophedonic"
    },
    {
      "word": "boustrophedonically"
    },
    {
      "word": "reverse boustrophedon"
    }
  ],
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      "expansion": "βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix)",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek βουστροφηδόν (boustrophēdón, literally “turning like an ox”), from βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + στροφή (strophḗ, “turning”) + -ηδόν (-ēdón, adverbial suffix).",
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    {
      "form": "boustrophedons",
      "tags": [
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  ],
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  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "stoichedon"
    }
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        "English terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned",
        "en:Calligraphy"
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        {
          "ref": "1980, Leslie Threatte, The Grammar of Attic Inscriptions: Phonology, page 55",
          "text": "The number of Attic boustrophedon texts is fairly small; most of those just cited have been brought down by the experts to a date close to 550 B.C., a date to which several texts of more than one line inscribed left to right may also be assigned (cf. pp.56—57 infra), besides the four-line retrograde sep. mon. of Pediarchus cited in the previous section (cf. p.52 supra). Stone texts only really become numerous in Attica about 550, and by this time it is clear that left-to-right writing is just as common as boustrophedon, and may have been so even earlier.[…]After 540 boustrophedon was certainly unusual.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2000, Richard Sproat, A Computational Theory of Writing Systems, page 61",
          "text": "(Venetic apparently had both kinds of boustrophedon, either flipping the face of the characters when switching direction or else inverting them (Lejeune, 1974, pages 180-181).)",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2002, Elmer H. Antonsen, Runes and Germanic Linguistics, page 132",
          "text": "He draws a sharp distinction between true boustrophedon, which has the tops of the runes pointed in the same direction, but with a change in the direction of writing with each line, and false boustrophedon, which changes from upright to inverted runes with each line, but the lines themselves are each written in the same direction.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Writing that is right-to-left and left-to-right on alternate lines."
      ],
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        "(historical, calligraphy, of writing) Writing that is right-to-left and left-to-right on alternate lines."
      ],
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        "of writing"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
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        "calligraphy",
        "communications",
        "journalism",
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  ],
  "sounds": [
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      "ipa": "/ˌbuːstɹəˈfiːdən/"
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      "tags": [
        "Southern-England"
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      "text": "Audio (Southern England)"
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  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "buṭrufa",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "word": "بُطْرُفَة"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "bustrofèdon"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "word": "plugoskribado"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "word": "tienreena skribo"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "word": "bustrofedono"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "boustrophédon"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "roman": "sarpalekhan",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "word": "सर्पलेखन"
    },
    {
      "alt": "ぎゅうこうしき",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "gyūkōshiki",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "word": "牛耕式"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "bustrofedon"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "bustrofédon"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "word": "bustrófedon"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "word": "bustrofedon"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "plogskrift"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "writing that is alternately right-to-left and left-to-right",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "oxplöjarskrift"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "boustrophedon"
  ],
  "word": "boustrophedon"
}

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      "form": "no-table-tags",
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      "form": "de-adecl",
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    {
      "form": "boustrophedon",
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    {
      "form": "boustrophedon",
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        "predicative",
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    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedon",
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        "predicative",
        "singular"
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    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedon",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "predicative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedoner",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong",
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    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedone",
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        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
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    },
    {
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        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
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    },
    {
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      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
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    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedonen",
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      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedoner",
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      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
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    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedonen",
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        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedoner",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedonem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedoner",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
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    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedonem",
      "source": "declension",
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        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
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    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedonen",
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      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedone",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedones",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedone",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural",
        "strong",
        "without-article"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "der boustrophedone",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "die boustrophedone",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "feminine",
        "includes-article",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "das boustrophedone",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "die boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "des boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "der boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "des boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "der boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dem boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "der boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "feminine",
        "includes-article",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dem boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "den boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "den boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "die boustrophedone",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "definite",
        "feminine",
        "includes-article",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "das boustrophedone",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "die boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "definite",
        "includes-article",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ein boustrophedoner",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "masculine",
        "mixed",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eine boustrophedone",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ein boustrophedones",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keine boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "negative",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eines boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "masculine",
        "mixed",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "einer boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eines boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keiner boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "negative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "einem boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "masculine",
        "mixed",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "einer boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "einem boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keinen boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "negative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "einen boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "masculine",
        "mixed",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eine boustrophedone",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ein boustrophedones",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "keine boustrophedonen",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "includes-article",
        "indefinite",
        "mixed",
        "negative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "boustrophedon (strong nominative masculine singular boustrophedoner, not comparable)",
      "name": "de-adj"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "bou‧stro‧phe‧don"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "de-adecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "German",
  "lang_code": "de",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "boustrophedon",
          "word": "bustrophedon"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "German adjectives",
        "German entries with incorrect language header",
        "German lemmas",
        "German terms borrowed from Ancient Greek",
        "German terms derived from Ancient Greek",
        "German terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "German terms with audio links",
        "German uncomparable adjectives"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of bustrophedon; boustrophedon"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "bustrophedon",
          "bustrophedon#German"
        ],
        [
          "boustrophedon",
          "boustrophedon"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "not-comparable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[bʊstʁofeˈdɔn]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "De-boustrophedon.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/De-boustrophedon.ogg/De-boustrophedon.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/De-boustrophedon.ogg",
      "text": "Audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "boustrophedon"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.