"berdache" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "bardache"
      },
      "expansion": "French bardache",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "it",
        "3": "bardassa"
      },
      "expansion": "Italian bardassa",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ar",
        "3": "بَرْدَج",
        "4": "",
        "5": "slave"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic بَرْدَج (bardaj, “slave”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "bardash"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of bardash",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From French bardache, from Italian bardassa, perhaps from Arabic بَرْدَج (bardaj, “slave”). Doublet of bardash.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "berdaches",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "berdache",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "s",
        "2": "berdache"
      },
      "expansion": "berdache (plural berdaches or berdache)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
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          "source": "w"
        },
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          "name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
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          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English ethnic slurs",
          "parents": [
            "Ethnic slurs",
            "Offensive terms",
            "Terms by usage"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Anthropology",
          "orig": "en:Anthropology",
          "parents": [
            "Social sciences",
            "Zoology",
            "Sciences",
            "Society",
            "Biology",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
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          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Gender",
          "orig": "en:Gender",
          "parents": [
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Society",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "People",
          "orig": "en:People",
          "parents": [
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Transgender",
          "orig": "en:Transgender",
          "parents": [
            "Gender",
            "LGBT",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "Sexuality",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Sex",
            "All topics",
            "Society",
            "Human",
            "Reproduction",
            "Fundamental",
            "Life",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "berdachism"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1980, Kenneth E. Read, “Observations on the Current State of Anthropological Research on Homosexual Behavior”, in Other Voices: The Style of a Male Homosexual Tavern, Novato, Cali.: Chandler & Sharp Publishers, Inc., →LCCN, →OCLC, page 187",
          "text": "These culturally bound assumptions have bedevilled the entire anthropological literature on the berdache in Native American cultures, and it is because of this that I have followed the lead of Angelino and Shedd when referring to the phenomenon of the berdache-transgenderal, for as Fitzgerald (1977) points out: \"A berdache . . . may be a transvestite, but a transvestite need not be a berdache; and neither need be homosexual.\"",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1989, Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Christine Roberts, “Sex, Sexuality, Gender, and Gender Variance”, in Sandra Morgen, editor, Gender and Anthropology: Critical Reviews for Research and Teaching, Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 439",
          "text": "Gender is the sociocultural designation of biobehavioral and psychosocial qualities of the sexes; for example, woman (female), man (male), other(s) (e.g., berdaches²). Notions of gender are culturally specific and depend on the ways in which cultures define and differentiate human (and other) potentials and possibilities. While many people in Western society may think first of heterosexual women and men when the word \"gender\" is mentioned, there are more gender possibilities than just those two.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2005, Michael J Horswell, Decolonizing the Sodomite, University of Texas, published 2006, page 20",
          "text": "Male berdache have been documented in nearly 150 North American societies, while female berdache (females who take on the lifeways of males) appear in half as many groups.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Among Native Americans, a person who identifies with any of a variety of gender identities which are not exclusively those of their biological sex; a transgender person."
      ],
      "id": "en-berdache-en-noun-tSmNraQC",
      "links": [
        [
          "anthropology",
          "anthropology"
        ],
        [
          "ethnic",
          "ethnic"
        ],
        [
          "slur",
          "slur"
        ],
        [
          "Native American",
          "Native American"
        ],
        [
          "gender identities",
          "gender identity"
        ],
        [
          "transgender",
          "transgender"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(anthropology, dated, now offensive, ethnic slur) Among Native Americans, a person who identifies with any of a variety of gender identities which are not exclusively those of their biological sex; a transgender person."
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "transgender"
        },
        {
          "word": "two-spirit"
        },
        {
          "word": "hermaphrodite"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "ethnic",
        "offensive",
        "slur"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "anthropology",
        "human-sciences",
        "sciences"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "lkt",
          "lang": "Lakota",
          "sense": "Native American who identifies with a gender identity not exclusively corresponding to their biological sex — see also two-spirit",
          "word": "wíŋkte"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "Native American who identifies with a gender identity not exclusively corresponding to their biological sex — see also two-spirit",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "berdache"
        },
        {
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "berdáš",
          "sense": "Native American who identifies with a gender identity not exclusively corresponding to their biological sex — see also two-spirit",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "берда́ш"
        },
        {
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "berdáče",
          "sense": "Native American who identifies with a gender identity not exclusively corresponding to their biological sex — see also two-spirit",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "берда́че"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/bəˈdaʃ/",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bəɹˈdæʃ/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "(US) -æʃ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-berdache.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/En-us-berdache.ogg/En-us-berdache.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/En-us-berdache.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "berdache"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "berdaches",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "berdache m (plural berdaches)",
      "name": "fr-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "bardache"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of bardache"
      ],
      "id": "en-berdache-fr-noun--Lbt9bGE",
      "links": [
        [
          "bardache",
          "bardache#French"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "berdache"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "bardache"
      },
      "expansion": "French bardache",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "it",
        "3": "bardassa"
      },
      "expansion": "Italian bardassa",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "ar",
        "3": "بَرْدَج",
        "4": "",
        "5": "slave"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic بَرْدَج (bardaj, “slave”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From French bardache, from Italian bardassa, perhaps from Arabic بَرْدَج (bardaj, “slave”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "berdaches",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mfbysense"
      },
      "expansion": "berdache m or f by sense (plural berdaches)",
      "name": "pt-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Portuguese",
  "lang_code": "pt",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Portuguese masculine and feminine nouns by sense",
          "parents": [
            "Masculine and feminine nouns by sense",
            "Nouns by gender",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pt",
          "name": "LGBT",
          "orig": "pt:LGBT",
          "parents": [
            "Sexuality",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Sex",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Reproduction",
            "Fundamental",
            "Life",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "two-spirit (native American who is transgender or belongs to a third gender)"
      ],
      "id": "en-berdache-pt-noun-Pw2IqhJ5",
      "links": [
        [
          "two-spirit",
          "two-spirit"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "by-personal-gender",
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "berdache"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "berdachism"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "bardache"
      },
      "expansion": "French bardache",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "it",
        "3": "bardassa"
      },
      "expansion": "Italian bardassa",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ar",
        "3": "بَرْدَج",
        "4": "",
        "5": "slave"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic بَرْدَج (bardaj, “slave”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "bardash"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of bardash",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From French bardache, from Italian bardassa, perhaps from Arabic بَرْدَج (bardaj, “slave”). Doublet of bardash.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "berdaches",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "berdache",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "s",
        "2": "berdache"
      },
      "expansion": "berdache (plural berdaches or berdache)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "transgender"
    },
    {
      "word": "two-spirit"
    },
    {
      "word": "hermaphrodite"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English 2-syllable words",
        "English countable nouns",
        "English dated terms",
        "English doublets",
        "English entries with incorrect language header",
        "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
        "English ethnic slurs",
        "English indeclinable nouns",
        "English lemmas",
        "English nouns",
        "English nouns with irregular plurals",
        "English offensive terms",
        "English terms borrowed from French",
        "English terms derived from Arabic",
        "English terms derived from French",
        "English terms derived from Italian",
        "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "English terms with audio links",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Rhymes:English/æʃ",
        "Rhymes:English/æʃ/2 syllables",
        "en:Anthropology",
        "en:Gender",
        "en:People",
        "en:Transgender"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1980, Kenneth E. Read, “Observations on the Current State of Anthropological Research on Homosexual Behavior”, in Other Voices: The Style of a Male Homosexual Tavern, Novato, Cali.: Chandler & Sharp Publishers, Inc., →LCCN, →OCLC, page 187",
          "text": "These culturally bound assumptions have bedevilled the entire anthropological literature on the berdache in Native American cultures, and it is because of this that I have followed the lead of Angelino and Shedd when referring to the phenomenon of the berdache-transgenderal, for as Fitzgerald (1977) points out: \"A berdache . . . may be a transvestite, but a transvestite need not be a berdache; and neither need be homosexual.\"",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1989, Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Christine Roberts, “Sex, Sexuality, Gender, and Gender Variance”, in Sandra Morgen, editor, Gender and Anthropology: Critical Reviews for Research and Teaching, Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 439",
          "text": "Gender is the sociocultural designation of biobehavioral and psychosocial qualities of the sexes; for example, woman (female), man (male), other(s) (e.g., berdaches²). Notions of gender are culturally specific and depend on the ways in which cultures define and differentiate human (and other) potentials and possibilities. While many people in Western society may think first of heterosexual women and men when the word \"gender\" is mentioned, there are more gender possibilities than just those two.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2005, Michael J Horswell, Decolonizing the Sodomite, University of Texas, published 2006, page 20",
          "text": "Male berdache have been documented in nearly 150 North American societies, while female berdache (females who take on the lifeways of males) appear in half as many groups.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Among Native Americans, a person who identifies with any of a variety of gender identities which are not exclusively those of their biological sex; a transgender person."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "anthropology",
          "anthropology"
        ],
        [
          "ethnic",
          "ethnic"
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        [
          "slur",
          "slur"
        ],
        [
          "Native American",
          "Native American"
        ],
        [
          "gender identities",
          "gender identity"
        ],
        [
          "transgender",
          "transgender"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(anthropology, dated, now offensive, ethnic slur) Among Native Americans, a person who identifies with any of a variety of gender identities which are not exclusively those of their biological sex; a transgender person."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "ethnic",
        "offensive",
        "slur"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "anthropology",
        "human-sciences",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/bəˈdaʃ/",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bəɹˈdæʃ/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "(US) -æʃ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-berdache.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/En-us-berdache.ogg/En-us-berdache.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/En-us-berdache.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "lkt",
      "lang": "Lakota",
      "sense": "Native American who identifies with a gender identity not exclusively corresponding to their biological sex — see also two-spirit",
      "word": "wíŋkte"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "Native American who identifies with a gender identity not exclusively corresponding to their biological sex — see also two-spirit",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "berdache"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "berdáš",
      "sense": "Native American who identifies with a gender identity not exclusively corresponding to their biological sex — see also two-spirit",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "берда́ш"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "berdáče",
      "sense": "Native American who identifies with a gender identity not exclusively corresponding to their biological sex — see also two-spirit",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "берда́че"
    }
  ],
  "word": "berdache"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "berdaches",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "berdache m (plural berdaches)",
      "name": "fr-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "bardache"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "French countable nouns",
        "French entries with incorrect language header",
        "French lemmas",
        "French masculine nouns",
        "French nouns"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of bardache"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "bardache",
          "bardache#French"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "berdache"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "bardache"
      },
      "expansion": "French bardache",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "it",
        "3": "bardassa"
      },
      "expansion": "Italian bardassa",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "ar",
        "3": "بَرْدَج",
        "4": "",
        "5": "slave"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic بَرْدَج (bardaj, “slave”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From French bardache, from Italian bardassa, perhaps from Arabic بَرْدَج (bardaj, “slave”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "berdaches",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mfbysense"
      },
      "expansion": "berdache m or f by sense (plural berdaches)",
      "name": "pt-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Portuguese",
  "lang_code": "pt",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Portuguese countable nouns",
        "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Portuguese feminine nouns",
        "Portuguese lemmas",
        "Portuguese masculine and feminine nouns by sense",
        "Portuguese masculine nouns",
        "Portuguese nouns",
        "Portuguese nouns with multiple genders",
        "Portuguese terms borrowed from French",
        "Portuguese terms derived from Arabic",
        "Portuguese terms derived from French",
        "Portuguese terms derived from Italian",
        "pt:LGBT"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "two-spirit (native American who is transgender or belongs to a third gender)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "two-spirit",
          "two-spirit"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "by-personal-gender",
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "berdache"
}