See astus on Wiktionary
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "astus",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Estonian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "62 5 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "54 3 42",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "astuma"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Third-person singular past form of astuma."
],
"id": "en-astus-et-verb-S0cwtq6t",
"links": [
[
"astuma",
"astuma#Estonian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"word": "astus"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ā̆stūtus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ā̆stūtia"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*akstus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *akstus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂éd-*sth₂u-",
"4": "",
"5": "a standing by"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄστυ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂eḱst-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱst-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂eḱ-",
"t": "sharp"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "akstìs"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian akstìs",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "aksts",
"3": "",
"4": "prickle, sharp point"
},
"expansion": "Latvian aksts (“prickle, sharp point”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*akstīno-",
"3": "",
"4": "furze, gorse"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *akstus, of uncertain origin, suggestions include:\n* from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”), from *steh₂-, thus formed to astō (“to stand by”) like the verb praestō to the adverb of the same form, with a by-form praestū. In this case the full nominal declension is secondary;\n* from Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu), from the common characterization of city-dwellers as more intelligent, also seen in urbānus; however, in the latter this appears to be a Late Republican development.\n* from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱst-, Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) - compare Lithuanian akstìs, Latvian aksts (“prickle, sharp point”), Proto-Celtic *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”). In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be *akstus.\nA long vowel is once attested for ā̆stūtia, which would be unexpected but parallelled by ācer. Attested since Plautus (second half of the 3d century BCE).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ā̆stus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stūs",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stūs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stūs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stuum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stuī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stūs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stū",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stūs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ā̆stus<4>"
},
"expansion": "ā̆stus m (genitive ā̆stūs); fourth declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ā̆stus<4>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "astū"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "52 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the fourth declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(by) craft, cunning, guile (with a positive or negative connotation)"
],
"id": "en-astus-la-noun--S6t9RGh",
"links": [
[
"craft",
"craft"
],
[
"cunning",
"cunning"
],
[
"guile",
"guile"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually in the ablative) (by) craft, cunning, guile (with a positive or negative connotation)"
],
"tags": [
"ablative",
"declension-4",
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 92",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the fourth declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tricks, stratagems"
],
"id": "en-astus-la-noun-n2UlziVd",
"links": [
[
"trick",
"trick"
],
[
"stratagem",
"stratagem"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually in the plural) tricks, stratagems"
],
"tags": [
"declension-4",
"plural-normally"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈaːs.tus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäːs̠t̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.tus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäs̠t̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.tus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäst̪us]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dolus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "calliditās"
}
],
"word": "astus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "astus",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Estonian entries with incorrect language header",
"Estonian non-lemma forms",
"Estonian verb forms",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "astuma"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Third-person singular past form of astuma."
],
"links": [
[
"astuma",
"astuma#Estonian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"word": "astus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin fourth declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the fourth declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ā̆stūtus"
},
{
"word": "ā̆stūtia"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*akstus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *akstus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂éd-*sth₂u-",
"4": "",
"5": "a standing by"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄστυ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂eḱst-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱst-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂eḱ-",
"t": "sharp"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "akstìs"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian akstìs",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "aksts",
"3": "",
"4": "prickle, sharp point"
},
"expansion": "Latvian aksts (“prickle, sharp point”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*akstīno-",
"3": "",
"4": "furze, gorse"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *akstus, of uncertain origin, suggestions include:\n* from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”), from *steh₂-, thus formed to astō (“to stand by”) like the verb praestō to the adverb of the same form, with a by-form praestū. In this case the full nominal declension is secondary;\n* from Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu), from the common characterization of city-dwellers as more intelligent, also seen in urbānus; however, in the latter this appears to be a Late Republican development.\n* from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱst-, Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) - compare Lithuanian akstìs, Latvian aksts (“prickle, sharp point”), Proto-Celtic *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”). In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be *akstus.\nA long vowel is once attested for ā̆stūtia, which would be unexpected but parallelled by ācer. Attested since Plautus (second half of the 3d century BCE).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ā̆stus",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stūs",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stūs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stūs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stuum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stuī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stūs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stū",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ā̆stūs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ā̆stus<4>"
},
"expansion": "ā̆stus m (genitive ā̆stūs); fourth declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ā̆stus<4>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "astū"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"(by) craft, cunning, guile (with a positive or negative connotation)"
],
"links": [
[
"craft",
"craft"
],
[
"cunning",
"cunning"
],
[
"guile",
"guile"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually in the ablative) (by) craft, cunning, guile (with a positive or negative connotation)"
],
"tags": [
"ablative",
"declension-4",
"usually"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tricks, stratagems"
],
"links": [
[
"trick",
"trick"
],
[
"stratagem",
"stratagem"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually in the plural) tricks, stratagems"
],
"tags": [
"declension-4",
"plural-normally"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈaːs.tus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäːs̠t̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.tus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäs̠t̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.tus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäst̪us]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dolus"
},
{
"word": "calliditās"
}
],
"word": "astus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for astus meaning in All languages combined (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (9a96ef4 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.