"astus" meaning in Latin

See astus in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈaːs.tus/ [Classical], [ˈäːs̠t̪ʊs̠] [Classical], /ˈas.tus/ [Classical], [ˈäs̠t̪ʊs̠] [Classical], /ˈas.tus/ (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical), [ˈäst̪us] (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)
Etymology: From Proto-Italic *akstus, of uncertain origin, suggestions include: * from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱst-, Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) - compare Lithuanian akstìs, Latvian aksts (“prickle, sharp point”), Proto-Celtic *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”); * from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”), from *steh₂-, thus formed to astō (“to stand by”) like the verb praestō to the adverb of the same form, with a by-form praestū. In this case the full nominal declension is secondary; * from Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu), from the common characterization of city-dwellers as more intelligent, also seen in urbānus; however, in the latter this appears to be a Late Republican development. A long vowel is once attested for ā̆stūtia, which would be unexpected but parallelled by ācer. Attested since Plautus (second half of the 3d century BCE). Etymology templates: {{inh|la|itc-pro|*akstus}} Proto-Italic *akstus, {{unc|la|nocap=1}} uncertain, {{inh|la|ine-pro|*h₂eḱst-}} Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱst-, {{inh|la|ine-pro|*h₂eḱ-|t=sharp}} Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), {{cog|lt|akstìs}} Lithuanian akstìs, {{cog|lv|aksts||prickle, sharp point}} Latvian aksts (“prickle, sharp point”), {{cog|cel-pro|*akstīno-||furze, gorse}} Proto-Celtic *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”), {{inh|la|ine-pro|*h₂éd-*sth₂u-||a standing by}} Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”), {{m|ine-pro|*steh₂-}} *steh₂-, {{m|la|astō||to stand by}} astō (“to stand by”), {{m|la|praestō}} praestō, {{m|la|praestū}} praestū, {{der|la|grc|ἄστυ}} Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu), {{m|la|urbānus}} urbānus, {{m|la|ā̆stūtia}} ā̆stūtia, {{m|la|ācer}} ācer, {{B.C.E.|nodots=1}} BCE, {{BCE}} BCE Head templates: {{la-noun|ā̆stus<4>}} ā̆stus m (genitive ā̆stūs); fourth declension Inflection templates: {{la-ndecl|ā̆stus<4>}} Forms: ā̆stus [canonical, masculine], ā̆stūs [genitive], no-table-tags [table-tags], ā̆stus [nominative, singular], ā̆stūs [nominative, plural], ā̆stūs [genitive, singular], ā̆stuum [genitive, plural], ā̆stuī [dative, singular], ā̆stibus [dative, plural], ā̆stum [accusative, singular], ā̆stūs [accusative, plural], ā̆stū [ablative, singular], ā̆stibus [ablative, plural], ā̆stus [singular, vocative], ā̆stūs [plural, vocative]
  1. (usually in the ablative) (by) craft, cunning, guile (with a positive or negative connotation) Tags: ablative, declension-4, usually
    Sense id: en-astus-la-noun--S6t9RGh Categories (other): Latin masculine nouns in the fourth declension Disambiguation of Latin masculine nouns in the fourth declension: 52 48
  2. (usually in the plural) tricks, stratagems Tags: declension-4, plural-normally
    Sense id: en-astus-la-noun-n2UlziVd Categories (other): Latin entries with incorrect language header, Latin masculine nouns in the fourth declension Disambiguation of Latin entries with incorrect language header: 9 91 Disambiguation of Latin masculine nouns in the fourth declension: 52 48
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: dolus, calliditās Derived forms: ā̆stūtus, ā̆stūtia Related terms: astū

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for astus meaning in Latin (5.9kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "ā̆stūtus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "ā̆stūtia"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*akstus"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *akstus",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂eḱst-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱst-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂eḱ-",
        "t": "sharp"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "akstìs"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian akstìs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "aksts",
        "3": "",
        "4": "prickle, sharp point"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian aksts (“prickle, sharp point”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*akstīno-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "furze, gorse"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂éd-*sth₂u-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "a standing by"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*steh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "*steh₂-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "astō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to stand by"
      },
      "expansion": "astō (“to stand by”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "praestō"
      },
      "expansion": "praestō",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "praestū"
      },
      "expansion": "praestū",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "grc",
        "3": "ἄστυ"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "urbānus"
      },
      "expansion": "urbānus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ā̆stūtia"
      },
      "expansion": "ā̆stūtia",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ācer"
      },
      "expansion": "ācer",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "nodots": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "BCE",
      "name": "B.C.E."
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "BCE",
      "name": "BCE"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *akstus, of uncertain origin, suggestions include:\n* from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱst-, Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) - compare Lithuanian akstìs, Latvian aksts (“prickle, sharp point”), Proto-Celtic *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”);\n* from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”), from *steh₂-, thus formed to astō (“to stand by”) like the verb praestō to the adverb of the same form, with a by-form praestū. In this case the full nominal declension is secondary;\n* from Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu), from the common characterization of city-dwellers as more intelligent, also seen in urbānus; however, in the latter this appears to be a Late Republican development.\nA long vowel is once attested for ā̆stūtia, which would be unexpected but parallelled by ācer. Attested since Plautus (second half of the 3d century BCE).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "ā̆stus",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stūs",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stūs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stūs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stuum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stuī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stūs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stū",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stūs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ā̆stus<4>"
      },
      "expansion": "ā̆stus m (genitive ā̆stūs); fourth declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ā̆stus<4>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "astū"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "52 48",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin masculine nouns in the fourth declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "(by) craft, cunning, guile (with a positive or negative connotation)"
      ],
      "id": "en-astus-la-noun--S6t9RGh",
      "links": [
        [
          "craft",
          "craft"
        ],
        [
          "cunning",
          "cunning"
        ],
        [
          "guile",
          "guile"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(usually in the ablative) (by) craft, cunning, guile (with a positive or negative connotation)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "declension-4",
        "usually"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "9 91",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "52 48",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin masculine nouns in the fourth declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "tricks, stratagems"
      ],
      "id": "en-astus-la-noun-n2UlziVd",
      "links": [
        [
          "trick",
          "trick"
        ],
        [
          "stratagem",
          "stratagem"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(usually in the plural) tricks, stratagems"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-4",
        "plural-normally"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈaːs.tus/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈäːs̠t̪ʊs̠]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈas.tus/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈäs̠t̪ʊs̠]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈas.tus/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈäst̪us]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "dolus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "calliditās"
    }
  ],
  "word": "astus"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 2-syllable words",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin fourth declension nouns",
    "Latin lemmas",
    "Latin masculine nouns",
    "Latin masculine nouns in the fourth declension",
    "Latin nouns",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
    "Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Latin terms with unknown etymologies"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "ā̆stūtus"
    },
    {
      "word": "ā̆stūtia"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*akstus"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *akstus",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂eḱst-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱst-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂eḱ-",
        "t": "sharp"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "akstìs"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian akstìs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "aksts",
        "3": "",
        "4": "prickle, sharp point"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian aksts (“prickle, sharp point”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*akstīno-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "furze, gorse"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂éd-*sth₂u-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "a standing by"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*steh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "*steh₂-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "astō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to stand by"
      },
      "expansion": "astō (“to stand by”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "praestō"
      },
      "expansion": "praestō",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "praestū"
      },
      "expansion": "praestū",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "grc",
        "3": "ἄστυ"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "urbānus"
      },
      "expansion": "urbānus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ā̆stūtia"
      },
      "expansion": "ā̆stūtia",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ācer"
      },
      "expansion": "ācer",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "nodots": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "BCE",
      "name": "B.C.E."
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "BCE",
      "name": "BCE"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *akstus, of uncertain origin, suggestions include:\n* from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱst-, Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) - compare Lithuanian akstìs, Latvian aksts (“prickle, sharp point”), Proto-Celtic *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”);\n* from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”), from *steh₂-, thus formed to astō (“to stand by”) like the verb praestō to the adverb of the same form, with a by-form praestū. In this case the full nominal declension is secondary;\n* from Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu), from the common characterization of city-dwellers as more intelligent, also seen in urbānus; however, in the latter this appears to be a Late Republican development.\nA long vowel is once attested for ā̆stūtia, which would be unexpected but parallelled by ācer. Attested since Plautus (second half of the 3d century BCE).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "ā̆stus",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stūs",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stūs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stūs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stuum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stuī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stūs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stū",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ā̆stūs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ā̆stus<4>"
      },
      "expansion": "ā̆stus m (genitive ā̆stūs); fourth declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ā̆stus<4>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "astū"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "(by) craft, cunning, guile (with a positive or negative connotation)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "craft",
          "craft"
        ],
        [
          "cunning",
          "cunning"
        ],
        [
          "guile",
          "guile"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(usually in the ablative) (by) craft, cunning, guile (with a positive or negative connotation)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "declension-4",
        "usually"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "tricks, stratagems"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "trick",
          "trick"
        ],
        [
          "stratagem",
          "stratagem"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(usually in the plural) tricks, stratagems"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-4",
        "plural-normally"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈaːs.tus/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈäːs̠t̪ʊs̠]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈas.tus/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈäs̠t̪ʊs̠]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈas.tus/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈäst̪us]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "dolus"
    },
    {
      "word": "calliditās"
    }
  ],
  "word": "astus"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.