See -ru on Wiktionary
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "romanization",
"head": "",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "-ru",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ru",
"name": "ja-rom"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "る"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese romanizations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rōmaji transcription of る"
],
"id": "en--ru-ja-romanization-YAfSGKdz",
"links": [
[
"Rōmaji",
"romaji"
],
[
"る",
"る#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"Rōmaji",
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "-ru"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -er, -are, -ere\nEnglish: -er\nScots: -ar",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -er, -are, -ere\nEnglish: -er\nScots: -ar"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-ru",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ru",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"-ru"
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ċild (“child”) + -ru → ċildru (“children”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the nominative/accusative plural of z-stem nouns"
],
"id": "en--ru-ang-suffix-TKsCKUMZ",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ru/"
}
],
"word": "-ru"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sdc",
"2": "pronoun"
},
"expansion": "-ru",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Sassarese",
"lang_code": "sdc",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sassarese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sassarese pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ciama (“call!”) → ciàmaru (“call him/her/it/them!”)"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "appended to polysyllabic second-person singular imperative forms",
"word": "lu"
}
],
"glosses": [
"enclitic form of lu; appended to polysyllabic second-person singular imperative forms"
],
"id": "en--ru-sdc-pron-XMKsn46t",
"links": [
[
"enclitic",
"enclitic"
],
[
"lu",
"lu#Sassarese"
],
[
"polysyllabic",
"polysyllabic#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"form-of"
]
}
],
"word": "-ru"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ru",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"-ru"
],
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Slovak entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-ra"
}
],
"glosses": [
"accusative singular of -ra"
],
"id": "en--ru-sk-suffix-7IuS13cZ",
"links": [
[
"-ra",
"-ra#Slovak"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ru]"
}
],
"word": "-ru"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "romanization",
"head": "",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "-ru",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ru",
"name": "ja-rom"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "る"
}
],
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"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese non-lemma forms",
"Japanese romanizations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Rōmaji transcription of る"
],
"links": [
[
"Rōmaji",
"romaji"
],
[
"る",
"る#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"Rōmaji",
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "-ru"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -er, -are, -ere\nEnglish: -er\nScots: -ar",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -er, -are, -ere\nEnglish: -er\nScots: -ar"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
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"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ru",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
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"-ru"
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ċild (“child”) + -ru → ċildru (“children”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the nominative/accusative plural of z-stem nouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ru/"
}
],
"word": "-ru"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sdc",
"2": "pronoun"
},
"expansion": "-ru",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Sassarese",
"lang_code": "sdc",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Italian links with redundant target parameters",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Sassarese entries with incorrect language header",
"Sassarese lemmas",
"Sassarese pronouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ciama (“call!”) → ciàmaru (“call him/her/it/them!”)"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "appended to polysyllabic second-person singular imperative forms",
"word": "lu"
}
],
"glosses": [
"enclitic form of lu; appended to polysyllabic second-person singular imperative forms"
],
"links": [
[
"enclitic",
"enclitic"
],
[
"lu",
"lu#Sassarese"
],
[
"polysyllabic",
"polysyllabic#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"enclitic",
"form-of"
]
}
],
"word": "-ru"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ru",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"-ru"
],
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Slovak entries with incorrect language header",
"Slovak non-lemma forms",
"Slovak suffix forms",
"Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-ra"
}
],
"glosses": [
"accusative singular of -ra"
],
"links": [
[
"-ra",
"-ra#Slovak"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ru]"
}
],
"word": "-ru"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ru meaning in All languages combined (3.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (074e7de and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.