See 歪む on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"sort": "ひずむ"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. Possible shared root with 肘 (hiji, “elbow”) and 膝 (hiza, “knee”), related to ideas of bending.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "歪む",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ひず"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "fidumu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"roman": "hizumi",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ひず"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"roman": "hizunda",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ひず"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-mu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "hizuma",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずみ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "hizume",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずまれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪める",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずめる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumeru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "歪もう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずもう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずまない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumanai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずまず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずみます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずんだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "hizunda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずんで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hizunde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずめば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumeba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ひずむ",
"hhira": "ひづむ",
"tr": "both",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "歪(ひず)む • (hizumu) ^(←ひづむ (fidumu)?)transitive or intransitive godan (stem 歪(ひず)み (hizumi), past 歪(ひず)んだ (hizunda))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 6 6 6 7 9 11 5 11 11 11 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 4 7 5 10 11 14 4 10 11 10 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 6 6 7 7 10 13 6 10 10 10 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 4 9 4 10 11 14 3 10 11 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 16 31 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become bent, deformed, warped, twisted, crooked"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-tXMgOKK7",
"links": [
[
"bent",
"bent"
],
[
"deformed",
"deformed"
],
[
"warped",
"warped"
],
[
"twisted",
"twisted"
],
[
"crooked",
"crooked"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become bent, deformed, warped, twisted, crooked"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 16 31 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bend or warp something:",
"to bend something, to warp or distort something"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-lyKqDaRE",
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"warp",
"warp"
],
[
"distort",
"distort"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to bend or warp something:",
"to bend something, to warp or distort something"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 16 31 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 4 15 5 4 16 8 4 5 16 15 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 15 3 3 17 13 3 4 17 17 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bend or warp something:",
"to bend or fold something into itself so it becomes smaller"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-Op0ZhwRW",
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"warp",
"warp"
],
[
"fold",
"fold"
],
[
"smaller",
"smaller"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to bend or warp something:",
"to bend or fold something into itself so it becomes smaller"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 16 31 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bend or warp something:",
"to berate or torment someone"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-e9qLnQQE",
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"warp",
"warp"
],
[
"berate",
"berate"
],
[
"torment",
"torment"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to bend or warp something:",
"(figurative) to berate or torment someone"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ひずむ"
},
{
"other": "ひずむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[çizɨmɯ̟]"
}
],
"word": "歪む"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "yugameru",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ゆが"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"word": "歪める: to warp something"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-",
"sort": "ゆがむ"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*yOnkamu",
"sort": "ゆがむ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *yOnkamu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ゆ"
},
"expansion": "ゆ",
"name": "lang"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese, which in turn comes from Proto-Japonic *yOnkamu. Possibly related to 弓 (yumi, “a bow”), which appears in compounds as ゆ (yu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "歪む",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ゆが"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"roman": "yugami",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ゆが"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"roman": "yuganda",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ゆが"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-mu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "yugama",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "yugami",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "yugame",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪める",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "yugameru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "歪もう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがもう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamanai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがんだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "yuganda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがんで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "yugande",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "yugameba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "yugama",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "yugami",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "yugame",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis"
]
},
{
"form": "歪め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "yugame",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamedo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugameba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamaba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamiki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamikeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamitu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "yugaminu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "yugameri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamitari",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ゆがむ",
"tr": "intrans",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "歪(ゆが)む • (yugamu) intransitive godan (stem 歪(ゆが)み (yugami), past 歪(ゆが)んだ (yuganda))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ゆが",
"2": "4-m"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 4 9 4 10 11 14 3 10 11 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-D51e3DIE",
"links": [
[
"deform",
"deform"
],
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"warped",
"warped"
],
[
"twisted",
"twisted"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 4 10 4 9 13 15 3 9 13 10 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 7 7 7 8 12 11 6 8 12 8 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -mu",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 4 7 5 10 11 14 4 10 11 10 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 4 8 5 10 12 14 4 10 12 9 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 5 9 5 6 13 14 4 8 13 9 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 4 9 4 10 11 14 3 10 11 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 4 15 5 4 16 8 4 5 16 15 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 15 3 3 17 13 3 4 17 17 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-DjR1jAvl",
"links": [
[
"improper",
"improper"
],
[
"irregular",
"irregular"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"action",
"action"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 4 10 4 9 13 15 3 9 13 10 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 7 7 7 8 12 11 6 8 12 8 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -mu",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 6 6 6 7 9 11 5 11 11 11 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 4 7 5 10 11 14 4 10 11 10 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 4 8 5 10 12 14 4 10 12 9 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 6 6 7 7 10 13 6 10 10 10 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 5 9 5 6 13 14 4 8 13 9 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 4 9 4 10 11 14 3 10 11 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 15 3 3 17 13 3 4 17 17 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to deviate from a previous stance or favorable direction"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-lOQpyn8X",
"links": [
[
"deviate",
"deviate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to speak in a strong accent"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-xA02WION",
"links": [
[
"speak",
"speak"
],
[
"accent",
"accent"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ゆがむ"
},
{
"other": "ゆがむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[jɯ̟ɡa̠mɯ̟]"
}
],
"word": "歪む"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "igameru",
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"word": "歪める: to warp something"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "to steal something"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ゆがむ"
},
"expansion": "ゆがむ",
"name": "lang"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Phonetic alteration from ゆがむ (yugamu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "歪む",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"いが"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "igamu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"roman": "igami",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"いが"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"roman": "iganda",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"いが"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-mu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いがま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "igama",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いがみ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "igami",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いがむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "igamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いがめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "igame",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "いがまれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "igamareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "いがませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "いがます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "igamaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "igamasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪める",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "いがめる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "igameru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "歪もう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "いがもう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "igamō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "いがまない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "igamanai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "いがまず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "igamazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "いがみます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "igamimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "いがんだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "iganda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "いがんで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "igande",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "いがめば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "igameba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いがむ",
"tr": "both",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "歪(いが)む • (igamu) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 歪(いが)み (igami), past 歪(いが)んだ (iganda))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 6 6 6 7 9 11 5 11 11 11 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 4 9 4 10 11 14 3 10 11 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become bent or deformed:",
"to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-GzMsyoFM",
"links": [
[
"bent",
"bent"
],
[
"deformed",
"deformed"
],
[
"deform",
"deform"
],
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"warped",
"warped"
],
[
"twisted",
"twisted"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become bent or deformed:",
"to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 4 10 4 9 13 15 3 9 13 10 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 7 7 7 8 12 11 6 8 12 8 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -mu",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 6 6 6 7 9 11 5 11 11 11 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 4 7 5 10 11 14 4 10 11 10 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 4 8 5 10 12 14 4 10 12 9 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 5 9 5 6 13 14 4 8 13 9 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 4 9 4 10 11 14 3 10 11 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 4 15 5 4 16 8 4 5 16 15 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 15 3 3 17 13 3 4 17 17 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become bent or deformed:",
"to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-ymMOvvwQ",
"links": [
[
"bent",
"bent"
],
[
"deformed",
"deformed"
],
[
"improper",
"improper"
],
[
"irregular",
"irregular"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"action",
"action"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become bent or deformed:",
"to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 4 10 4 9 13 15 3 9 13 10 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 6 6 6 7 9 11 5 11 11 11 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 4 15 5 4 16 8 4 5 16 15 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 15 3 3 17 13 3 4 17 17 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become bent or deformed:",
"to become sick (as used by carpenters and performers)"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-l5LiZvY6",
"links": [
[
"bent",
"bent"
],
[
"deformed",
"deformed"
],
[
"sick",
"sick"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become bent or deformed:",
"to become sick (as used by carpenters and performers)"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to steal something"
],
"id": "en-歪む-ja-verb-11OmVcjP",
"links": [
[
"steal",
"steal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to steal something"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "いがむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[iɡa̠mɯ̟]"
}
],
"word": "歪む"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese godan verbs",
"Japanese godan verbs ending with -mu",
"Japanese intransitive verbs",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms historically spelled with づ",
"Japanese terms spelled with hyōgai kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with unknown etymologies",
"Japanese transitive verbs",
"Japanese verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"sort": "ひずむ"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. Possible shared root with 肘 (hiji, “elbow”) and 膝 (hiza, “knee”), related to ideas of bending.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "歪む",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ひず"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "fidumu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"roman": "hizumi",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ひず"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"roman": "hizunda",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ひず"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-mu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "hizuma",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずみ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "hizume",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずまれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪める",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずめる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumeru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "歪もう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずもう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずまない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumanai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずまず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずみます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずんだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "hizunda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずんで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hizunde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "ひずめば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "hizumeba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ひずむ",
"hhira": "ひづむ",
"tr": "both",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "歪(ひず)む • (hizumu) ^(←ひづむ (fidumu)?)transitive or intransitive godan (stem 歪(ひず)み (hizumi), past 歪(ひず)んだ (hizunda))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to become bent, deformed, warped, twisted, crooked"
],
"links": [
[
"bent",
"bent"
],
[
"deformed",
"deformed"
],
[
"warped",
"warped"
],
[
"twisted",
"twisted"
],
[
"crooked",
"crooked"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become bent, deformed, warped, twisted, crooked"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to bend or warp something:",
"to bend something, to warp or distort something"
],
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"warp",
"warp"
],
[
"distort",
"distort"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to bend or warp something:",
"to bend something, to warp or distort something"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to bend or warp something:",
"to bend or fold something into itself so it becomes smaller"
],
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"warp",
"warp"
],
[
"fold",
"fold"
],
[
"smaller",
"smaller"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to bend or warp something:",
"to bend or fold something into itself so it becomes smaller"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to bend or warp something:",
"to berate or torment someone"
],
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"warp",
"warp"
],
[
"berate",
"berate"
],
[
"torment",
"torment"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to bend or warp something:",
"(figurative) to berate or torment someone"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ひずむ"
},
{
"other": "ひずむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[çizɨmɯ̟]"
}
],
"word": "歪む"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese godan verbs",
"Japanese godan verbs ending with -mu",
"Japanese intransitive verbs",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms spelled with hyōgai kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese transitive verbs",
"Japanese verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "yugameru",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ゆが"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"word": "歪める: to warp something"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-",
"sort": "ゆがむ"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*yOnkamu",
"sort": "ゆがむ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *yOnkamu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ゆ"
},
"expansion": "ゆ",
"name": "lang"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese, which in turn comes from Proto-Japonic *yOnkamu. Possibly related to 弓 (yumi, “a bow”), which appears in compounds as ゆ (yu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "歪む",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ゆが"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"roman": "yugami",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ゆが"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"roman": "yuganda",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"ゆが"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-mu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "yugama",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "yugami",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "yugame",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪める",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "yugameru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "歪もう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがもう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamanai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがんだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "yuganda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがんで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "yugande",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "yugameba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "yugama",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "yugami",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "yugame",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis"
]
},
{
"form": "歪め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "yugame",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamedo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "yugameba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamaba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamiki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamikeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamitu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "yugaminu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがめり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがみたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "yugameri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamitari",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ゆがまむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "yugamamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ゆがむ",
"tr": "intrans",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "歪(ゆが)む • (yugamu) intransitive godan (stem 歪(ゆが)み (yugami), past 歪(ゆが)んだ (yuganda))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ゆが",
"2": "4-m"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted"
],
"links": [
[
"deform",
"deform"
],
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"warped",
"warped"
],
[
"twisted",
"twisted"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions"
],
"links": [
[
"improper",
"improper"
],
[
"irregular",
"irregular"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"action",
"action"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to deviate from a previous stance or favorable direction"
],
"links": [
[
"deviate",
"deviate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to speak in a strong accent"
],
"links": [
[
"speak",
"speak"
],
[
"accent",
"accent"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ゆがむ"
},
{
"other": "ゆがむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[jɯ̟ɡa̠mɯ̟]"
}
],
"word": "歪む"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese godan verbs",
"Japanese godan verbs ending with -mu",
"Japanese intransitive verbs",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms spelled with hyōgai kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese transitive verbs",
"Japanese verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "igameru",
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"word": "歪める: to warp something"
},
{
"word": "to steal something"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ゆがむ"
},
"expansion": "ゆがむ",
"name": "lang"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Phonetic alteration from ゆがむ (yugamu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "歪む",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"いが"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "igamu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"roman": "igami",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"いが"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"roman": "iganda",
"ruby": [
[
"歪",
"いが"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-mu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いがま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "igama",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪み",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いがみ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "igami",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いがむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "igamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いがめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "igame",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "いがまれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "igamareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪ます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "いがませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "いがます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "igamaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "igamasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪める",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "いがめる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "igameru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "歪もう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "いがもう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "igamō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "いがまない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "igamanai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪まず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "いがまず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "igamazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "歪みます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "いがみます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "igamimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "いがんだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "iganda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "歪んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "いがんで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "igande",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "歪めば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "いがめば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "igameba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いがむ",
"tr": "both",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "歪(いが)む • (igamu) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 歪(いが)み (igami), past 歪(いが)んだ (iganda))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to become bent or deformed:",
"to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted"
],
"links": [
[
"bent",
"bent"
],
[
"deformed",
"deformed"
],
[
"deform",
"deform"
],
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"warped",
"warped"
],
[
"twisted",
"twisted"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become bent or deformed:",
"to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to become bent or deformed:",
"to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions"
],
"links": [
[
"bent",
"bent"
],
[
"deformed",
"deformed"
],
[
"improper",
"improper"
],
[
"irregular",
"irregular"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"action",
"action"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become bent or deformed:",
"to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to become bent or deformed:",
"to become sick (as used by carpenters and performers)"
],
"links": [
[
"bent",
"bent"
],
[
"deformed",
"deformed"
],
[
"sick",
"sick"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become bent or deformed:",
"to become sick (as used by carpenters and performers)"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to steal something"
],
"links": [
[
"steal",
"steal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to steal something"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "いがむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[iɡa̠mɯ̟]"
}
],
"word": "歪む"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 歪む meaning in All languages combined (23.5kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"歪む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "歪む",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (9c82c1c and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.