See 文明 on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 文明 meaning in All languages combined (18.3kB)
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "文明",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese nouns classified by 個/个",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "8 4 37 41 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Elementary Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Chinese civilization",
"roman": "zhōnghuá wénmíng",
"text": "中華文明／中华文明",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the Four Great Ancient Civilizations",
"roman": "sì dà wénmíng gǔguó",
"text": "四大文明古國／四大文明古国",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Books are the way in which civilization is transmitted.",
"ref": "書是傳遞文明的工具。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "书是传递文明的工具。 [MSC, simp.]\nShū shì chuándì wénmíng de gōngjù. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The ability to develop civilizations is the biggest difference between humans and other living things.",
"ref": "人與其他生物最大的不同，就是擁有文明。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "人与其他生物最大的不同，就是拥有文明。 [MSC, simp.]\nRén yǔ qítā shēngwù zuìdà de bùtóng, jiùshì yōngyǒu wénmíng. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"civilization (Classifier: 個／个 m)"
],
"id": "en-文明-zh-noun-fG3wX~W7",
"links": [
[
"civilization",
"civilization"
],
[
"個",
"個#Chinese"
],
[
"个",
"个#Chinese"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 1 31 20 42",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 4 37 41 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Elementary Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to improve people's awareness of civilized behaviour",
"roman": "jiāqiáng wénmíng yìshí",
"text": "加強文明意識／加强文明意识",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"civilized behaviour; manners"
],
"id": "en-文明-zh-noun-RhLvcczr",
"links": [
[
"civilized",
"civilized"
],
[
"behaviour",
"behaviour"
],
[
"manners",
"manners"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"Sichuanese"
],
"zh-pron": "wen² min²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "вынмин"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "vɨnmin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-I"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-bêng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bhung⁵ mêng⁵"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wúnmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wên²-ming²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wén-míng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wenming"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "вэньмин"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "vɛnʹmin"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Latinxua-Sin-Wenz",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "wenmin"
},
{
"ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/",
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "màhn mìhng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "men⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vunˇ minˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² min²"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-bîng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "bunbeeng"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bûng mêng"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ven^去 min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "mjun mjaeng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mə[n] mraŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[n]"
},
{
"other": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
}
],
"word": "文明"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "yěmán",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
"word": "野蠻"
},
{
"roman": "yěmán",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
"word": "野蛮"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhèngzhì wénmíng",
"word": "政治文明"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wénmíngrén",
"word": "文明人"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wénmíng guójiā",
"word": "文明國家"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wénmíng guójiā",
"word": "文明国家"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Wénmíng Xiǎoshǐ",
"word": "文明小史"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wénmíngxì",
"word": "文明戲"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wénmíngxì",
"word": "文明戏"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wénmínggùn",
"word": "文明棍"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "文明腳"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "文明脚"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "文明觀球"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "文明观球"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wùzhì wénmíng",
"word": "物質文明"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wùzhì wénmíng",
"word": "物质文明"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "shēngtài wénmíng",
"word": "生態文明"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "shēngtài wénmíng",
"word": "生态文明"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "jīngshén wénmíng",
"word": "精神文明"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "文明",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "civilized behaviour",
"roman": "wénmíng xíngwéi",
"text": "文明行為／文明行为",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to socialize in a civilized manner",
"roman": "wénmíng jiāowǎng",
"text": "文明交往",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to behave in a civilized manner",
"roman": "jǔzhǐ wénmíng",
"text": "舉止文明／举止文明",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"civilized"
],
"id": "en-文明-zh-adj-0HVhwd-L",
"links": [
[
"civilized",
"civilized"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"modern"
],
"id": "en-文明-zh-adj-d0zfCPao",
"links": [
[
"modern",
"modern"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) modern"
],
"tags": [
"dated"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Classical Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "8 4 37 41 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Elementary Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The attributes (of its component trigrams) are strength and vigour with elegance and brightness. (The ruling line in it) responds to (the ruling line in the symbol of) heaven, and (consequently) its action is (all) at the proper times.",
"ref": "其德剛健而文明，應乎天而時行。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]",
"text": "其德刚健而文明，应乎天而时行。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: I Ching, 11ᵗʰ – 8ᵗʰ century BCE\nQí dé gāngjiàn ér wénmíng, yìng hū tiān ér shí xíng. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"having literary talent"
],
"id": "en-文明-zh-adj-6FBFWokL",
"links": [
[
"literary",
"literary"
],
[
"talent",
"talent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical) having literary talent"
],
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"Sichuanese"
],
"zh-pron": "wen² min²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "вынмин"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "vɨnmin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-I"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-bêng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bhung⁵ mêng⁵"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wúnmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wên²-ming²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wén-míng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wenming"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "вэньмин"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "vɛnʹmin"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Latinxua-Sin-Wenz",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "wenmin"
},
{
"ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/",
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "màhn mìhng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "men⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vunˇ minˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² min²"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-bîng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "bunbeeng"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bûng mêng"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ven^去 min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "mjun mjaeng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mə[n] mraŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[n]"
},
{
"other": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
}
],
"word": "文明"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "ふんめい'"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文明"
},
"expansion": "文明 (MC mjun mjaeng)",
"name": "ltc-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "文明",
"ruby": [
[
"文",
"ぶん"
],
[
"明",
"めい"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bunmei",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ぶんめい"
},
"expansion": "文(ぶん)明(めい) • (bunmei)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"derived": [
{
"roman": "bunmeikaika",
"ruby": [
[
"文",
"ぶん"
],
[
"明",
"めい"
],
[
"開",
"かい"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"word": "文明開化"
}
],
"glosses": [
"civilization"
],
"id": "en-文明-ja-noun-axVxMkDo",
"links": [
[
"civilization",
"civilization"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ぶんめー"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɯ̟̃ᵝmːe̞ː]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"ja:文明"
],
"word": "文明"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "ふんめい'"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文明"
},
"expansion": "文明 (MC mjun mjaeng)",
"name": "ltc-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "文明",
"ruby": [
[
"文",
"ぶん"
],
[
"明",
"めい"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "Bunmei",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "proper noun",
"2": "ぶんめい"
},
"expansion": "文(ぶん)明(めい) • (Bunmei)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "58 42",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "93 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "93 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "93 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "96 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Historical periods",
"orig": "ja:Historical periods",
"parents": [
"History",
"Timekeeping",
"All topics",
"Time",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the Bunmei era, 1469-1487"
],
"id": "en-文明-ja-name-GUjTQRgW",
"related": [
{
"english": "era preceding Bunmei",
"roman": "Ōnin",
"ruby": [
[
"応仁",
"おうにん"
]
],
"word": "応仁"
},
{
"english": "era following Bunmei",
"roman": "Chōkyō",
"ruby": [
[
"長享",
"ちょうきょう"
]
],
"word": "長享"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ぶんめー"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɯ̟̃ᵝmːe̞ː]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Bunmei",
"ja:文明_(日本)"
],
"word": "文明"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "munmyeong",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "문명",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hangeul": "문명"
},
"expansion": "文明 • (munmyeong) (hangeul 문명)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "civilization",
"word": "문명"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hanja form of 문명 (“civilization”)."
],
"id": "en-文明-ko-noun-d5sncRIq",
"links": [
[
"Hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"문명",
"문명#Korean"
],
[
"civilization",
"civilization"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "文明"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "文明",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "文明",
"name": "vi-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese adjectives in Han script",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of văn minh (“civilized”)."
],
"id": "en-文明-vi-adj-OLQdi5k9",
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"văn minh",
"văn minh#Vietnamese"
],
[
"civilized",
"civilized"
]
]
}
],
"word": "文明"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Eastern Min adjectives",
"Eastern Min lemmas",
"Eastern Min nouns",
"Elementary Mandarin",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese lemmas"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "文明",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese nouns classified by 個/个",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Chinese civilization",
"roman": "zhōnghuá wénmíng",
"text": "中華文明／中华文明",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the Four Great Ancient Civilizations",
"roman": "sì dà wénmíng gǔguó",
"text": "四大文明古國／四大文明古国",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Books are the way in which civilization is transmitted.",
"ref": "書是傳遞文明的工具。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "书是传递文明的工具。 [MSC, simp.]\nShū shì chuándì wénmíng de gōngjù. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The ability to develop civilizations is the biggest difference between humans and other living things.",
"ref": "人與其他生物最大的不同，就是擁有文明。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "人与其他生物最大的不同，就是拥有文明。 [MSC, simp.]\nRén yǔ qítā shēngwù zuìdà de bùtóng, jiùshì yōngyǒu wénmíng. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"civilization (Classifier: 個／个 m)"
],
"links": [
[
"civilization",
"civilization"
],
[
"個",
"個#Chinese"
],
[
"个",
"个#Chinese"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to improve people's awareness of civilized behaviour",
"roman": "jiāqiáng wénmíng yìshí",
"text": "加強文明意識／加强文明意识",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"civilized behaviour; manners"
],
"links": [
[
"civilized",
"civilized"
],
[
"behaviour",
"behaviour"
],
[
"manners",
"manners"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"Sichuanese"
],
"zh-pron": "wen² min²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "вынмин"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "vɨnmin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-I"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-bêng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bhung⁵ mêng⁵"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wúnmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wên²-ming²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wén-míng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wenming"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "вэньмин"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "vɛnʹmin"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Latinxua-Sin-Wenz",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "wenmin"
},
{
"ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/",
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "màhn mìhng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "men⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vunˇ minˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² min²"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-bîng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "bunbeeng"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bûng mêng"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ven^去 min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "mjun mjaeng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mə[n] mraŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[n]"
},
{
"other": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
}
],
"word": "文明"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "yěmán",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
"word": "野蠻"
},
{
"roman": "yěmán",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
"word": "野蛮"
}
],
"categories": [
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Eastern Min adjectives",
"Eastern Min lemmas",
"Eastern Min nouns",
"Elementary Mandarin",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese lemmas"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "zhèngzhì wénmíng",
"word": "政治文明"
},
{
"roman": "wénmíngrén",
"word": "文明人"
},
{
"roman": "wénmíng guójiā",
"word": "文明國家"
},
{
"roman": "wénmíng guójiā",
"word": "文明国家"
},
{
"roman": "Wénmíng Xiǎoshǐ",
"word": "文明小史"
},
{
"roman": "wénmíngxì",
"word": "文明戲"
},
{
"roman": "wénmíngxì",
"word": "文明戏"
},
{
"roman": "wénmínggùn",
"word": "文明棍"
},
{
"word": "文明腳"
},
{
"word": "文明脚"
},
{
"word": "文明觀球"
},
{
"word": "文明观球"
},
{
"roman": "wùzhì wénmíng",
"word": "物質文明"
},
{
"roman": "wùzhì wénmíng",
"word": "物质文明"
},
{
"roman": "shēngtài wénmíng",
"word": "生態文明"
},
{
"roman": "shēngtài wénmíng",
"word": "生态文明"
},
{
"roman": "jīngshén wénmíng",
"word": "精神文明"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "文明",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "civilized behaviour",
"roman": "wénmíng xíngwéi",
"text": "文明行為／文明行为",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to socialize in a civilized manner",
"roman": "wénmíng jiāowǎng",
"text": "文明交往",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to behave in a civilized manner",
"roman": "jǔzhǐ wénmíng",
"text": "舉止文明／举止文明",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"civilized"
],
"links": [
[
"civilized",
"civilized"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese dated terms"
],
"glosses": [
"modern"
],
"links": [
[
"modern",
"modern"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) modern"
],
"tags": [
"dated"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Literary Chinese terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The attributes (of its component trigrams) are strength and vigour with elegance and brightness. (The ruling line in it) responds to (the ruling line in the symbol of) heaven, and (consequently) its action is (all) at the proper times.",
"ref": "其德剛健而文明，應乎天而時行。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]",
"text": "其德刚健而文明，应乎天而时行。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: I Ching, 11ᵗʰ – 8ᵗʰ century BCE\nQí dé gāngjiàn ér wénmíng, yìng hū tiān ér shí xíng. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"having literary talent"
],
"links": [
[
"literary",
"literary"
],
[
"talent",
"talent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical) having literary talent"
],
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"Sichuanese"
],
"zh-pron": "wen² min²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "вынмин"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "vɨnmin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-I"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-bêng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bhung⁵ mêng⁵"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wúnmíng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wên²-ming²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wén-míng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wenming"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "вэньмин"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "vɛnʹmin"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Latinxua-Sin-Wenz",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "wenmin"
},
{
"ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/",
"tags": [
"Chengdu",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "màhn mìhng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "men⁴ ming⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vunˇ minˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² min²"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-bîng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "bunbeeng"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bûng mêng"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ven^去 min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³ven-min"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "mjun mjaeng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mə[n] mraŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[n]"
},
{
"other": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
}
],
"word": "文明"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese learned borrowings from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese proper nouns",
"Japanese terms borrowed from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
"ja:Historical periods"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "bunmeikaika",
"ruby": [
[
"文",
"ぶん"
],
[
"明",
"めい"
],
[
"開",
"かい"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"word": "文明開化"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "ふんめい'"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文明"
},
"expansion": "文明 (MC mjun mjaeng)",
"name": "ltc-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "文明",
"ruby": [
[
"文",
"ぶん"
],
[
"明",
"めい"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bunmei",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ぶんめい"
},
"expansion": "文(ぶん)明(めい) • (bunmei)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"civilization"
],
"links": [
[
"civilization",
"civilization"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ぶんめー"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɯ̟̃ᵝmːe̞ː]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"ja:文明"
],
"word": "文明"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese learned borrowings from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese proper nouns",
"Japanese terms borrowed from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
"ja:Historical periods"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "ふんめい'"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文明"
},
"expansion": "文明 (MC mjun mjaeng)",
"name": "ltc-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "文明",
"ruby": [
[
"文",
"ぶん"
],
[
"明",
"めい"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "Bunmei",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "proper noun",
"2": "ぶんめい"
},
"expansion": "文(ぶん)明(めい) • (Bunmei)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "name",
"related": [
{
"english": "era preceding Bunmei",
"roman": "Ōnin",
"ruby": [
[
"応仁",
"おうにん"
]
],
"word": "応仁"
},
{
"english": "era following Bunmei",
"roman": "Chōkyō",
"ruby": [
[
"長享",
"ちょうきょう"
]
],
"word": "長享"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"the Bunmei era, 1469-1487"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ぶんめー"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɯ̟̃ᵝmːe̞ː]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Bunmei",
"ja:文明_(日本)"
],
"word": "文明"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "munmyeong",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "문명",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hangeul": "문명"
},
"expansion": "文明 • (munmyeong) (hangeul 문명)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "civilization",
"word": "문명"
}
],
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean nouns in Han script",
"Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes"
],
"glosses": [
"Hanja form of 문명 (“civilization”)."
],
"links": [
[
"Hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"문명",
"문명#Korean"
],
[
"civilization",
"civilization"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "文明"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "文明",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "文明",
"name": "vi-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"Vietnamese adjectives",
"Vietnamese adjectives in Han script",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas"
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of văn minh (“civilized”)."
],
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"văn minh",
"văn minh#Vietnamese"
],
[
"civilized",
"civilized"
]
]
}
],
"word": "文明"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.