"文明" meaning in All languages combined

See 文明 on Wiktionary

Adjective [Chinese]

IPA: /wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA, standard], /uən²¹ min²¹/ [Chengdu, Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/ [Dungan, Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/ [Cantonese, Sinological-IPA], /vun¹¹ min¹¹/ [Hakka, Sinological-IPA], /uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/ [Fuzhou, Sinological-IPA], /mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/ [Puxian-Min, Sinological-IPA], /muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/ [Puxian-Min, Sinological-IPA], /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/ [Hokkien, Xiamen], /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/ [Hokkien, Quanzhou], /bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/ [Hokkien, Zhangzhou], /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/ [Hokkien, Taipei], /bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/ [Hokkien, Kaohsiung], /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/ [Sinological-IPA, Teochew], /wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/, /uən²¹ min²¹/, /vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/, /mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/, /vun¹¹ min¹¹/, /uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/, /mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/, /muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/, /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/, /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/, /bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/, /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/, /bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/, /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/, /vən²² min⁴⁴/ Chinese transliterations: wénmíng [Mandarin, Pinyin, standard], ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ [Mandarin, bopomofo, standard], wen² min² [Chengdu, Mandarin, Pinyin, Sichuanese], вынмин [Cyrillic, Dungan, Mandarin, Wiktionary-specific], vɨnmin [Cyrillic, Dungan, Mandarin, Wiktionary-specific], I-I [Cyrillic, Dungan, Mandarin, Wiktionary-specific], man⁴ ming⁴ [Cantonese, Jyutping], vùn-mìn [Hakka, Phak-fa-su, Sixian], ùng-mìng, mong² ming², muong² ming², bûn-bêng [Hokkien, POJ], bhung⁵ mêng⁵ [Peng'im, Teochew], ⁶ven-min, wénmíng [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin, standard], wúnmíng [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin, standard], wên²-ming² [Mandarin, Wade-Giles, standard], wén-míng [Mandarin, Yale, standard], wenming [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin, standard], вэньмин [Mandarin, Palladius, standard], vɛnʹmin [Mandarin, Palladius, standard], wenmin [Chengdu, Latinxua-Sin-Wenz, Mandarin], màhn mìhng [Cantonese, Yale], man⁴ ming⁴ [Cantonese, Pinyin], men⁴ ming⁴ [Cantonese, Guangdong-Romanization], vùn-mìn [Hakka, Phak-fa-su], vun^ˇ min^ˇ [Hakka, Hakka-Romanization-System], vun² min² [Hagfa-Pinyim, Hakka], ùng-mìng [Foochow-Romanized, Fuzhou], mong² ming² [Phonetic:mong⁵ ming²] [Puxian-Min], muong² ming² [Phonetic:muong⁵ ming²] [Puxian-Min], bûn-bîng [Hokkien, Tai-lo], bunbeeng [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun], bûng mêng [POJ, Teochew], ⁶ven-min [Northern, Wu], ven^去 min [Northern, Wu], ³ven-min [Northern, Wu], /vən²² min⁴⁴/ [Northern, Wu], mjun mjaeng [Middle-Chinese], /*mə[n] mraŋ/ [Baxter-Sagart, Old-Chinese], /*mɯn mraŋ/ [Old-Chinese, Zhengzhang]
Head templates: {{head|zh|adjective}} 文明
  1. civilized
    Sense id: en-文明-zh-adj-0HVhwd-L
  2. (dated) modern Tags: dated
    Sense id: en-文明-zh-adj-d0zfCPao
  3. (Classical) having literary talent Tags: Classical
    Sense id: en-文明-zh-adj-6FBFWokL Categories (other): Classical Chinese, Elementary Mandarin Disambiguation of Elementary Mandarin: 8 4 38 40 11
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated

Noun [Chinese]

IPA: /wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA, standard], /uən²¹ min²¹/ [Chengdu, Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/ [Dungan, Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/ [Cantonese, Sinological-IPA], /vun¹¹ min¹¹/ [Hakka, Sinological-IPA], /uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/ [Fuzhou, Sinological-IPA], /mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/ [Puxian-Min, Sinological-IPA], /muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/ [Puxian-Min, Sinological-IPA], /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/ [Hokkien, Xiamen], /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/ [Hokkien, Quanzhou], /bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/ [Hokkien, Zhangzhou], /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/ [Hokkien, Taipei], /bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/ [Hokkien, Kaohsiung], /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/ [Sinological-IPA, Teochew], /wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/, /uən²¹ min²¹/, /vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/, /mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/, /vun¹¹ min¹¹/, /uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/, /mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/, /muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/, /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/, /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/, /bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/, /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/, /bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/, /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/, /vən²² min⁴⁴/ Chinese transliterations: wénmíng [Mandarin, Pinyin, standard], ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ [Mandarin, bopomofo, standard], wen² min² [Chengdu, Mandarin, Pinyin, Sichuanese], вынмин [Cyrillic, Dungan, Mandarin, Wiktionary-specific], vɨnmin [Cyrillic, Dungan, Mandarin, Wiktionary-specific], I-I [Cyrillic, Dungan, Mandarin, Wiktionary-specific], man⁴ ming⁴ [Cantonese, Jyutping], vùn-mìn [Hakka, Phak-fa-su, Sixian], ùng-mìng, mong² ming², muong² ming², bûn-bêng [Hokkien, POJ], bhung⁵ mêng⁵ [Peng'im, Teochew], ⁶ven-min, wénmíng [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin, standard], wúnmíng [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin, standard], wên²-ming² [Mandarin, Wade-Giles, standard], wén-míng [Mandarin, Yale, standard], wenming [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin, standard], вэньмин [Mandarin, Palladius, standard], vɛnʹmin [Mandarin, Palladius, standard], wenmin [Chengdu, Latinxua-Sin-Wenz, Mandarin], màhn mìhng [Cantonese, Yale], man⁴ ming⁴ [Cantonese, Pinyin], men⁴ ming⁴ [Cantonese, Guangdong-Romanization], vùn-mìn [Hakka, Phak-fa-su], vun^ˇ min^ˇ [Hakka, Hakka-Romanization-System], vun² min² [Hagfa-Pinyim, Hakka], ùng-mìng [Foochow-Romanized, Fuzhou], mong² ming² [Phonetic:mong⁵ ming²] [Puxian-Min], muong² ming² [Phonetic:muong⁵ ming²] [Puxian-Min], bûn-bîng [Hokkien, Tai-lo], bunbeeng [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun], bûng mêng [POJ, Teochew], ⁶ven-min [Northern, Wu], ven^去 min [Northern, Wu], ³ven-min [Northern, Wu], /vən²² min⁴⁴/ [Northern, Wu], mjun mjaeng [Middle-Chinese], /*mə[n] mraŋ/ [Baxter-Sagart, Old-Chinese], /*mɯn mraŋ/ [Old-Chinese, Zhengzhang]
Head templates: {{head|zh|noun}} 文明
  1. civilization (Classifier: 個/个 m)
    Sense id: en-文明-zh-noun-fG3wX~W7 Categories (other): Chinese nouns classified by 個/个, Elementary Mandarin Disambiguation of Elementary Mandarin: 8 4 38 40 11
  2. civilized behaviour; manners
    Sense id: en-文明-zh-noun-RhLvcczr Categories (other): Chinese entries with incorrect language header, Elementary Mandarin, Pages with 4 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Chinese entries with incorrect language header: 5 1 26 27 40 Disambiguation of Elementary Mandarin: 8 4 38 40 11 Disambiguation of Pages with 4 entries: 9 2 15 14 42 2 16 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 7 2 11 11 55 2 12

Proper name [Japanese]

IPA: [bɯ̟̃mːe̞ː] Forms: 文明 [canonical] (ruby: (ぶん), (めい)), Bunmei [romanization]
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng). Etymology templates: {{lbor|ja|ltc|-|sort=ふんめい'}} Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese, {{ltc-l|文明}} 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng) Head templates: {{ja-pos|proper noun|ぶんめい}} 文(ぶん)明(めい) • (Bunmei)
  1. the Bunmei era, 1469-1487 Categories (topical): Historical periods Related terms: 応仁 (Ōnin) (ruby: 応仁(おうにん)) (english: era preceding Bunmei), 長享 (Chōkyō) (ruby: 長享(ちょうきょう)) (english: era following Bunmei)
    Sense id: en-文明-ja-name-GUjTQRgW Disambiguation of Historical periods: 81 19

Noun [Japanese]

IPA: [bɯ̟̃mːe̞ː] Forms: 文明 [canonical] (ruby: (ぶん), (めい)), bunmei [romanization]
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng). Etymology templates: {{lbor|ja|ltc|-|sort=ふんめい'}} Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese, {{ltc-l|文明}} 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng) Head templates: {{ja-noun|ぶんめい}} 文(ぶん)明(めい) • (bunmei)
  1. civilization Derived forms: 文明開化 (bunmeikaika) (ruby: (ぶん), (めい), (かい), ())
    Sense id: en-文明-ja-noun-axVxMkDo Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with 2 kanji, Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 16 84 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 9 91 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with 2 kanji: 30 70 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 10 90 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 9 91

Noun [Korean]

Forms: munmyeong [romanization], 문명 [hangeul]
Head templates: {{ko-noun|hangeul=문명}} 文明 • (munmyeong) (hangeul 문명)
  1. hanja form of 문명 (“civilization”) Tags: form-of, hanja Form of: 문명 (extra: civilization)

Adjective [Vietnamese]

Head templates: {{head|vi|adjective|||||||head=|tr=}} 文明, {{vi-adj|sc=Hani}} 文明
  1. chữ Hán form of văn minh (“civilized”).
{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "文明",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese nouns classified by 個/个",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 4 38 40 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Elementary Mandarin",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Chinese civilization",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "zhōnghuá wénmíng",
          "text": "中華文明",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Chinese civilization",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "zhōnghuá wénmíng",
          "text": "中华文明",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the Four Great Ancient Civilizations",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "sì dà wénmíng gǔguó",
          "text": "四大文明古國",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the Four Great Ancient Civilizations",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "sì dà wénmíng gǔguó",
          "text": "四大文明古国",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Books are the way in which civilization is transmitted.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "MSC",
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "Shū shì chuándì wénmíng de gōngjù.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "書是傳遞文明的工具。",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Books are the way in which civilization is transmitted.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "MSC",
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "Shū shì chuándì wénmíng de gōngjù.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "书是传递文明的工具。",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The ability to develop civilizations is the biggest difference between humans and other living things.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "MSC",
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "Rén yǔ qítā shēngwù zuìdà de bùtóng, jiùshì yōngyǒu wénmíng.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "人與其他生物最大的不同,就是擁有文明。",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The ability to develop civilizations is the biggest difference between humans and other living things.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "MSC",
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "Rén yǔ qítā shēngwù zuìdà de bùtóng, jiùshì yōngyǒu wénmíng.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "人与其他生物最大的不同,就是拥有文明。",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "civilization (Classifier: 個/个 m)"
      ],
      "id": "en-文明-zh-noun-fG3wX~W7",
      "links": [
        [
          "civilization",
          "civilization"
        ],
        [
          "個",
          "個#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "个",
          "个#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "5 1 26 27 40",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 4 38 40 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Elementary Mandarin",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 2 15 14 42 2 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 4 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 2 11 11 55 2 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to improve people's awareness of civilized behaviour",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "jiāqiáng wénmíng yìshí",
          "text": "加強文明意識",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to improve people's awareness of civilized behaviour",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "jiāqiáng wénmíng yìshí",
          "text": "加强文明意识",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "civilized behaviour; manners"
      ],
      "id": "en-文明-zh-noun-RhLvcczr",
      "links": [
        [
          "civilized",
          "civilized"
        ],
        [
          "behaviour",
          "behaviour"
        ],
        [
          "manners",
          "manners"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wénmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin",
        "Sichuanese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wen² min²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "вынмин"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vɨnmin"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "I-I"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "mong² ming²"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "muong² ming²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûn-bêng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Peng'im",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bhung⁵ mêng⁵"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wénmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wúnmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wên²-ming²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wén-míng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wenming"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "вэньмин"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vɛnʹmin"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wenmin"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "màhn mìhng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "men⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vun^ˇ min^ˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vun² min²"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Foochow-Romanized",
        "Fuzhou"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Fuzhou",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "mong² ming² [Phonetic:mong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "muong² ming² [Phonetic:muong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûn-bîng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bunbeeng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "POJ",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûng mêng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Teochew"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ven^去 min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "³ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "mjun mjaeng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*mə[n] mraŋ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[Phonetic: mong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[Phonetic: muong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[n]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "yěmán",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
      "word": "野蠻"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yěmán",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
      "word": "野蛮"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "zhèngzhì wénmíng",
      "word": "政治文明"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "wénmíngrén",
      "word": "文明人"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "wénmíng guójiā",
      "word": "文明國家"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "wénmíng guójiā",
      "word": "文明国家"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "wénmíngxì",
      "word": "文明戲"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "wénmíngxì",
      "word": "文明戏"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "wénmínggùn",
      "word": "文明棍"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "文明腳"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "文明脚"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "文明觀球"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "文明观球"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "wùzhì wénmíng",
      "word": "物質文明"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "wùzhì wénmíng",
      "word": "物质文明"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "shēngtài wénmíng",
      "word": "生態文明"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "shēngtài wénmíng",
      "word": "生态文明"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "jīngshén wénmíng",
      "word": "精神文明"
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "文明",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "civilized behaviour",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "wénmíng xíngwéi",
          "text": "文明行為",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "civilized behaviour",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "wénmíng xíngwéi",
          "text": "文明行为",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to socialize in a civilized manner",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "wénmíng jiāowǎng",
          "text": "文明交往",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to behave in a civilized manner",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "jǔzhǐ wénmíng",
          "text": "舉止文明",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to behave in a civilized manner",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "jǔzhǐ wénmíng",
          "text": "举止文明",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "civilized"
      ],
      "id": "en-文明-zh-adj-0HVhwd-L",
      "links": [
        [
          "civilized",
          "civilized"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "modern"
      ],
      "id": "en-文明-zh-adj-d0zfCPao",
      "links": [
        [
          "modern",
          "modern"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(dated) modern"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dated"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Classical Chinese",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 4 38 40 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Elementary Mandarin",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The attributes (of its component trigrams) are strength and vigour with elegance and brightness. (The ruling line in it) responds to (the ruling line in the symbol of) heaven, and (consequently) its action is (all) at the proper times.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Pre-Classical Chinese",
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "ref": " I Ching, 11ᵗʰ – 8ᵗʰ century BCE",
          "roman": "Qí dé gāngjiàn ér wénmíng, yìng hū tiān ér shí xíng.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "其德剛健而文明,應乎天而時行。",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "The attributes (of its component trigrams) are strength and vigour with elegance and brightness. (The ruling line in it) responds to (the ruling line in the symbol of) heaven, and (consequently) its action is (all) at the proper times.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Pre-Classical Chinese",
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "ref": " I Ching, 11ᵗʰ – 8ᵗʰ century BCE",
          "roman": "Qí dé gāngjiàn ér wénmíng, yìng hū tiān ér shí xíng.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "其德刚健而文明,应乎天而时行。",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "having literary talent"
      ],
      "id": "en-文明-zh-adj-6FBFWokL",
      "links": [
        [
          "literary",
          "literary"
        ],
        [
          "talent",
          "talent"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Classical) having literary talent"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wénmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin",
        "Sichuanese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wen² min²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "вынмин"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vɨnmin"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "I-I"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "mong² ming²"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "muong² ming²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûn-bêng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Peng'im",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bhung⁵ mêng⁵"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wénmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wúnmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wên²-ming²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wén-míng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wenming"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "вэньмин"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vɛnʹmin"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wenmin"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "màhn mìhng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "men⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vun^ˇ min^ˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vun² min²"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Foochow-Romanized",
        "Fuzhou"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Fuzhou",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "mong² ming² [Phonetic:mong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "muong² ming² [Phonetic:muong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûn-bîng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bunbeeng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "POJ",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûng mêng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Teochew"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ven^去 min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "³ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "mjun mjaeng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*mə[n] mraŋ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[Phonetic: mong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[Phonetic: muong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[n]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-",
        "sort": "ふんめい'"
      },
      "expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese",
      "name": "lbor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "文明"
      },
      "expansion": "文明 (MC mjun mjaeng)",
      "name": "ltc-l"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "文明",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "文",
          "ぶん"
        ],
        [
          "明",
          "めい"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bunmei",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ぶんめい"
      },
      "expansion": "文(ぶん)明(めい) • (bunmei)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "16 84",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 91",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "30 70",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 90",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 91",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "roman": "bunmeikaika",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "文",
              "ぶん"
            ],
            [
              "明",
              "めい"
            ],
            [
              "開",
              "かい"
            ],
            [
              "化",
              "か"
            ]
          ],
          "word": "文明開化"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "civilization"
      ],
      "id": "en-文明-ja-noun-axVxMkDo",
      "links": [
        [
          "civilization",
          "civilization"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ぶんめー"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[bɯ̟̃mːe̞ː]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "ja:文明"
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-",
        "sort": "ふんめい'"
      },
      "expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese",
      "name": "lbor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "文明"
      },
      "expansion": "文明 (MC mjun mjaeng)",
      "name": "ltc-l"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "文明",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "文",
          "ぶん"
        ],
        [
          "明",
          "めい"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Bunmei",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "proper noun",
        "2": "ぶんめい"
      },
      "expansion": "文(ぶん)明(めい) • (Bunmei)",
      "name": "ja-pos"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "81 19",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ja",
          "name": "Historical periods",
          "orig": "ja:Historical periods",
          "parents": [
            "History",
            "Timekeeping",
            "All topics",
            "Time",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the Bunmei era, 1469-1487"
      ],
      "id": "en-文明-ja-name-GUjTQRgW",
      "related": [
        {
          "english": "era preceding Bunmei",
          "roman": "Ōnin",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "応仁",
              "おうにん"
            ]
          ],
          "word": "応仁"
        },
        {
          "english": "era following Bunmei",
          "roman": "Chōkyō",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "長享",
              "ちょうきょう"
            ]
          ],
          "word": "長享"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ぶんめー"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[bɯ̟̃mːe̞ː]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Bunmei",
    "ja:文明_(日本)"
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "munmyeong",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "문명",
      "tags": [
        "hangeul"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "hangeul": "문명"
      },
      "expansion": "文明 • (munmyeong) (hangeul 문명)",
      "name": "ko-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 4 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "civilization",
          "word": "문명"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hanja form of 문명 (“civilization”)"
      ],
      "id": "en-文明-ko-noun-yyFUGrod",
      "links": [
        [
          "hanja",
          "hanja#English"
        ],
        [
          "문명",
          "문명#Korean:_文明"
        ],
        [
          "civilization",
          "civilization"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "hanja"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "文明",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "sc": "Hani"
      },
      "expansion": "文明",
      "name": "vi-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 4 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese adjectives in Han script",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "chữ Hán form of văn minh (“civilized”)."
      ],
      "id": "en-文明-vi-adj-OLQdi5k9",
      "links": [
        [
          "chữ Hán",
          "chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
        ],
        [
          "văn minh",
          "văn minh#Vietnamese:_文明"
        ],
        [
          "civilized",
          "civilized"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Chinese adjectives",
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese nouns",
    "Chinese terms spelled with 文",
    "Chinese terms spelled with 明",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Eastern Min adjectives",
    "Eastern Min lemmas",
    "Eastern Min nouns",
    "Elementary Mandarin",
    "Middle Chinese adjectives",
    "Middle Chinese lemmas",
    "Middle Chinese nouns",
    "Old Chinese adjectives",
    "Old Chinese lemmas",
    "Old Chinese nouns",
    "Pages with 4 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "文明",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Chinese nouns classified by 個/个",
        "Mandarin terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Chinese civilization",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "zhōnghuá wénmíng",
          "text": "中華文明",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Chinese civilization",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "zhōnghuá wénmíng",
          "text": "中华文明",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the Four Great Ancient Civilizations",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "sì dà wénmíng gǔguó",
          "text": "四大文明古國",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the Four Great Ancient Civilizations",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "sì dà wénmíng gǔguó",
          "text": "四大文明古国",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Books are the way in which civilization is transmitted.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "MSC",
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "Shū shì chuándì wénmíng de gōngjù.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "書是傳遞文明的工具。",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Books are the way in which civilization is transmitted.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "MSC",
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "Shū shì chuándì wénmíng de gōngjù.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "书是传递文明的工具。",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The ability to develop civilizations is the biggest difference between humans and other living things.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "MSC",
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "Rén yǔ qítā shēngwù zuìdà de bùtóng, jiùshì yōngyǒu wénmíng.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "人與其他生物最大的不同,就是擁有文明。",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The ability to develop civilizations is the biggest difference between humans and other living things.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "MSC",
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "Rén yǔ qítā shēngwù zuìdà de bùtóng, jiùshì yōngyǒu wénmíng.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "人与其他生物最大的不同,就是拥有文明。",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "civilization (Classifier: 個/个 m)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "civilization",
          "civilization"
        ],
        [
          "個",
          "個#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "个",
          "个#Chinese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Mandarin terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to improve people's awareness of civilized behaviour",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "jiāqiáng wénmíng yìshí",
          "text": "加強文明意識",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to improve people's awareness of civilized behaviour",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "jiāqiáng wénmíng yìshí",
          "text": "加强文明意识",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "civilized behaviour; manners"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "civilized",
          "civilized"
        ],
        [
          "behaviour",
          "behaviour"
        ],
        [
          "manners",
          "manners"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wénmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin",
        "Sichuanese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wen² min²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "вынмин"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vɨnmin"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "I-I"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "mong² ming²"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "muong² ming²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûn-bêng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Peng'im",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bhung⁵ mêng⁵"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wénmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wúnmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wên²-ming²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wén-míng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wenming"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "вэньмин"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vɛnʹmin"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wenmin"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "màhn mìhng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "men⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vun^ˇ min^ˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vun² min²"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Foochow-Romanized",
        "Fuzhou"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Fuzhou",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "mong² ming² [Phonetic:mong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "muong² ming² [Phonetic:muong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûn-bîng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bunbeeng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "POJ",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûng mêng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Teochew"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ven^去 min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "³ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "mjun mjaeng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*mə[n] mraŋ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[Phonetic: mong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[Phonetic: muong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[n]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "yěmán",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
      "word": "野蠻"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yěmán",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
      "word": "野蛮"
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    "Chinese adjectives",
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese nouns",
    "Chinese terms spelled with 文",
    "Chinese terms spelled with 明",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Eastern Min adjectives",
    "Eastern Min lemmas",
    "Eastern Min nouns",
    "Elementary Mandarin",
    "Middle Chinese adjectives",
    "Middle Chinese lemmas",
    "Middle Chinese nouns",
    "Old Chinese adjectives",
    "Old Chinese lemmas",
    "Old Chinese nouns",
    "Pages with 4 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "zhèngzhì wénmíng",
      "word": "政治文明"
    },
    {
      "roman": "wénmíngrén",
      "word": "文明人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "wénmíng guójiā",
      "word": "文明國家"
    },
    {
      "roman": "wénmíng guójiā",
      "word": "文明国家"
    },
    {
      "roman": "wénmíngxì",
      "word": "文明戲"
    },
    {
      "roman": "wénmíngxì",
      "word": "文明戏"
    },
    {
      "roman": "wénmínggùn",
      "word": "文明棍"
    },
    {
      "word": "文明腳"
    },
    {
      "word": "文明脚"
    },
    {
      "word": "文明觀球"
    },
    {
      "word": "文明观球"
    },
    {
      "roman": "wùzhì wénmíng",
      "word": "物質文明"
    },
    {
      "roman": "wùzhì wénmíng",
      "word": "物质文明"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shēngtài wénmíng",
      "word": "生態文明"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shēngtài wénmíng",
      "word": "生态文明"
    },
    {
      "roman": "jīngshén wénmíng",
      "word": "精神文明"
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "文明",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Mandarin terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "civilized behaviour",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "wénmíng xíngwéi",
          "text": "文明行為",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "civilized behaviour",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "wénmíng xíngwéi",
          "text": "文明行为",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to socialize in a civilized manner",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "wénmíng jiāowǎng",
          "text": "文明交往",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to behave in a civilized manner",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "jǔzhǐ wénmíng",
          "text": "舉止文明",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to behave in a civilized manner",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "roman": "jǔzhǐ wénmíng",
          "text": "举止文明",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "civilized"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "civilized",
          "civilized"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Chinese dated terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "modern"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "modern",
          "modern"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(dated) modern"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dated"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Classical Chinese",
        "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The attributes (of its component trigrams) are strength and vigour with elegance and brightness. (The ruling line in it) responds to (the ruling line in the symbol of) heaven, and (consequently) its action is (all) at the proper times.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Pre-Classical Chinese",
            "Traditional Chinese"
          ],
          "ref": " I Ching, 11ᵗʰ – 8ᵗʰ century BCE",
          "roman": "Qí dé gāngjiàn ér wénmíng, yìng hū tiān ér shí xíng.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "其德剛健而文明,應乎天而時行。",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "The attributes (of its component trigrams) are strength and vigour with elegance and brightness. (The ruling line in it) responds to (the ruling line in the symbol of) heaven, and (consequently) its action is (all) at the proper times.",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Pre-Classical Chinese",
            "Simplified Chinese"
          ],
          "ref": " I Ching, 11ᵗʰ – 8ᵗʰ century BCE",
          "roman": "Qí dé gāngjiàn ér wénmíng, yìng hū tiān ér shí xíng.",
          "tags": [
            "Pinyin"
          ],
          "text": "其德刚健而文明,应乎天而时行。",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "having literary talent"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "literary",
          "literary"
        ],
        [
          "talent",
          "talent"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Classical) having literary talent"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wénmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin",
        "Sichuanese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wen² min²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "вынмин"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vɨnmin"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Wiktionary-specific"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "I-I"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "mong² ming²"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "muong² ming²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûn-bêng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Peng'im",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bhung⁵ mêng⁵"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wénmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wúnmíng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wên²-ming²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wén-míng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wenming"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "вэньмин"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius",
        "standard"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vɛnʹmin"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "wenmin"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Chengdu",
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Dungan",
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "màhn mìhng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "man⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "men⁴ ming⁴"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vùn-mìn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vun^ˇ min^ˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "vun² min²"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Foochow-Romanized",
        "Fuzhou"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ùng-mìng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Fuzhou",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "mong² ming² [Phonetic:mong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "muong² ming² [Phonetic:muong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Puxian-Min",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûn-bîng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bunbeeng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "POJ",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "bûng mêng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Teochew"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "⁶ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ven^去 min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "³ven-min"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern",
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "mjun mjaeng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*mə[n] mraŋ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uən²¹ min²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vun¹¹ min¹¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[Phonetic: mong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[Phonetic: muong⁵ ming²]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/vən²² min⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[n]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*mɯn mraŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese learned borrowings from Middle Chinese",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese proper nouns",
    "Japanese terms borrowed from Middle Chinese",
    "Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
    "Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Pages with 4 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "ja:Historical periods"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "bunmeikaika",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "文",
          "ぶん"
        ],
        [
          "明",
          "めい"
        ],
        [
          "開",
          "かい"
        ],
        [
          "化",
          "か"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "文明開化"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-",
        "sort": "ふんめい'"
      },
      "expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese",
      "name": "lbor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "文明"
      },
      "expansion": "文明 (MC mjun mjaeng)",
      "name": "ltc-l"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "文明",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "文",
          "ぶん"
        ],
        [
          "明",
          "めい"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bunmei",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ぶんめい"
      },
      "expansion": "文(ぶん)明(めい) • (bunmei)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "civilization"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "civilization",
          "civilization"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ぶんめー"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[bɯ̟̃mːe̞ː]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "ja:文明"
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese learned borrowings from Middle Chinese",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese proper nouns",
    "Japanese terms borrowed from Middle Chinese",
    "Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
    "Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Pages with 4 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "ja:Historical periods"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-",
        "sort": "ふんめい'"
      },
      "expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese",
      "name": "lbor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "文明"
      },
      "expansion": "文明 (MC mjun mjaeng)",
      "name": "ltc-l"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "文明",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "文",
          "ぶん"
        ],
        [
          "明",
          "めい"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Bunmei",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "proper noun",
        "2": "ぶんめい"
      },
      "expansion": "文(ぶん)明(めい) • (Bunmei)",
      "name": "ja-pos"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "name",
  "related": [
    {
      "english": "era preceding Bunmei",
      "roman": "Ōnin",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "応仁",
          "おうにん"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "応仁"
    },
    {
      "english": "era following Bunmei",
      "roman": "Chōkyō",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "長享",
          "ちょうきょう"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "長享"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "the Bunmei era, 1469-1487"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ぶんめー"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[bɯ̟̃mːe̞ː]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Bunmei",
    "ja:文明_(日本)"
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "munmyeong",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "문명",
      "tags": [
        "hangeul"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "hangeul": "문명"
      },
      "expansion": "文明 • (munmyeong) (hangeul 문명)",
      "name": "ko-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
        "Korean hanja forms",
        "Korean lemmas",
        "Korean links with manual fragments",
        "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
        "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Korean nouns",
        "Korean nouns in Han script",
        "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
        "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
        "Pages with 4 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "civilization",
          "word": "문명"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hanja form of 문명 (“civilization”)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hanja",
          "hanja#English"
        ],
        [
          "문명",
          "문명#Korean:_文明"
        ],
        [
          "civilization",
          "civilization"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "hanja"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "文明",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "sc": "Hani"
      },
      "expansion": "文明",
      "name": "vi-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 4 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
        "Vietnamese adjectives",
        "Vietnamese adjectives in Han script",
        "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Vietnamese lemmas"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "chữ Hán form of văn minh (“civilized”)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "chữ Hán",
          "chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
        ],
        [
          "văn minh",
          "văn minh#Vietnamese:_文明"
        ],
        [
          "civilized",
          "civilized"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "文明"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 文明 meaning in All languages combined (21.2kB)

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <sup> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": "started on line 29, detected on line 29"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </sup>",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu)'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Sinological IPA (Shanghai)'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'MiniDict'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: \"Pouseng Ping'ing\"",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Eastern Min (BUC)'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Eastern Min'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai)'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Putian)'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Xianyou)'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wugniu'",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: \"Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing)\"",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "文明"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "proper noun",
  "title": "文明",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.