See 支柱 on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "zhīzhù chǎnyè",
"word": "支柱產業"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "zhīzhù chǎnyè",
"word": "支柱产业"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "支柱",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "94 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "76 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "75 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pillar; prop"
],
"id": "en-支柱-zh-noun-kSBLKSyX",
"links": [
[
"pillar",
"pillar"
],
[
"prop",
"prop"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literally) pillar; prop"
],
"tags": [
"literally"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"mainstay; backbone"
],
"id": "en-支柱-zh-noun-r9LE6-mN",
"links": [
[
"mainstay",
"mainstay"
],
[
"backbone",
"backbone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) mainstay; backbone"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "zhīzhù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄓ ㄓㄨˋ"
},
{
"audio": "Zh-zhizhù.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Zh-zhizhù.ogg/Zh-zhizhù.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-zhizhù.ogg",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "zi¹ cyu⁵"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9186 (yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/LL-Q9186_(yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav/LL-Q9186_(yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/LL-Q9186_(yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav/LL-Q9186_(yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"wav_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q9186 (yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "chi-chū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-chū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-chǔ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "chi-thiāu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "zhīzhù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄓ ㄓㄨˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "jhihjhù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "chih¹-chu⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "jr̄-jù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "jyjuh"
},
{
"roman": "čžičžu",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "чжичжу"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "zi¹ cyu⁵"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "jī chyúh"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "dzi¹ tsy⁵"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "ji¹ qu⁵"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡siː⁵⁵ t͡sʰyː¹³/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "chi-chū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "tsi-tsū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "cizu"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su²²/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-chū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-tsū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "kizu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su²²/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-chǔ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-tsǔ"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki³³ t͡su²²/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "chi-thiāu"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "tsi-thiāu"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ci'tiau"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiau³³/",
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei",
"Kaohsiung"
]
}
],
"word": "支柱"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "支柱",
"ruby": [
[
"支",
"し"
],
[
"柱",
"ちゅう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "shichū",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "しちゅう"
},
"expansion": "支(し)柱(ちゅう) • (shichū)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Architecture",
"orig": "ja:Architecture",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Construction",
"orig": "ja:Construction",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"brace, prop, strut, supporting pillar, supporting column, post"
],
"id": "en-支柱-ja-noun-Kiz~3H-x",
"links": [
[
"construction",
"construction"
],
[
"architecture",
"architecture"
],
[
"brace",
"brace"
],
[
"prop",
"prop"
],
[
"strut",
"strut"
],
[
"pillar",
"pillar"
],
[
"column",
"column"
],
[
"post",
"post"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(construction, architecture) brace, prop, strut, supporting pillar, supporting column, post"
],
"topics": [
"architecture",
"business",
"construction",
"manufacturing"
]
}
],
"word": "支柱"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "jiju",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "지주",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hangeul": "지주"
},
"expansion": "支柱 • (jiju) (hangeul 지주)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "pillar, supporting pillar; anchor, support, mainstay",
"word": "지주"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 지주 (“pillar, supporting pillar; anchor, support, mainstay”)"
],
"id": "en-支柱-ko-noun--803ymzS",
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"지주",
"지주#Korean"
],
[
"pillar",
"pillar"
],
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"anchor",
"anchor"
],
[
"mainstay",
"mainstay"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "支柱"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 支",
"Chinese terms spelled with 柱",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "zhīzhù chǎnyè",
"word": "支柱產業"
},
{
"roman": "zhīzhù chǎnyè",
"word": "支柱产业"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "支柱",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"pillar; prop"
],
"links": [
[
"pillar",
"pillar"
],
[
"prop",
"prop"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literally) pillar; prop"
],
"tags": [
"literally"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"mainstay; backbone"
],
"links": [
[
"mainstay",
"mainstay"
],
[
"backbone",
"backbone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) mainstay; backbone"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "zhīzhù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄓ ㄓㄨˋ"
},
{
"audio": "Zh-zhizhù.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Zh-zhizhù.ogg/Zh-zhizhù.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-zhizhù.ogg",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "zi¹ cyu⁵"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9186 (yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/LL-Q9186_(yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav/LL-Q9186_(yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/LL-Q9186_(yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav/LL-Q9186_(yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"wav_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q9186 (yue)-Luilui6666-支柱.wav"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "chi-chū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-chū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-chǔ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "chi-thiāu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "zhīzhù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄓ ㄓㄨˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "jhihjhù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "chih¹-chu⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "jr̄-jù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "jyjuh"
},
{
"roman": "čžičžu",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "чжичжу"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "zi¹ cyu⁵"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "jī chyúh"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "dzi¹ tsy⁵"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "ji¹ qu⁵"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡siː⁵⁵ t͡sʰyː¹³/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "chi-chū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "tsi-tsū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "cizu"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su²²/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-chū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-tsū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "kizu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su²²/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-chǔ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "ki-tsǔ"
},
{
"ipa": "/ki³³ t͡su²²/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "chi-thiāu"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "tsi-thiāu"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ci'tiau"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiau³³/",
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei",
"Kaohsiung"
]
}
],
"word": "支柱"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "支柱",
"ruby": [
[
"支",
"し"
],
[
"柱",
"ちゅう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "shichū",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "しちゅう"
},
"expansion": "支(し)柱(ちゅう) • (shichū)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"ja:Architecture",
"ja:Construction"
],
"glosses": [
"brace, prop, strut, supporting pillar, supporting column, post"
],
"links": [
[
"construction",
"construction"
],
[
"architecture",
"architecture"
],
[
"brace",
"brace"
],
[
"prop",
"prop"
],
[
"strut",
"strut"
],
[
"pillar",
"pillar"
],
[
"column",
"column"
],
[
"post",
"post"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(construction, architecture) brace, prop, strut, supporting pillar, supporting column, post"
],
"topics": [
"architecture",
"business",
"construction",
"manufacturing"
]
}
],
"word": "支柱"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "jiju",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "지주",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hangeul": "지주"
},
"expansion": "支柱 • (jiju) (hangeul 지주)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean hanja forms",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean nouns in Han script",
"Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "pillar, supporting pillar; anchor, support, mainstay",
"word": "지주"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 지주 (“pillar, supporting pillar; anchor, support, mainstay”)"
],
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"지주",
"지주#Korean"
],
[
"pillar",
"pillar"
],
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"anchor",
"anchor"
],
[
"mainstay",
"mainstay"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "支柱"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 支柱 meaning in All languages combined (7.0kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"支柱"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "支柱",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-02 using wiktextract (0c45963 and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.