See centrum in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"antonyms": [
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "obrzeże"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "kraniec"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "krawędź"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "skraj"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.4",
"word": "peryferie"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polski (indeks)",
"orig": "polski (indeks)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"etymology_texts": [
"łac. centrum → środek"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "centra",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centrów",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centrom",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centra",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centrami",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centrach",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centra",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"vocative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "język polski",
"lang_code": "pl",
"notes": [
{
"sense_index": "1.4",
"text": "por. śródmieście"
}
],
"pos": "noun",
"pos_text": "rzeczownik",
"related": [
{
"sense_index": "1.2",
"word": "centrum handlowe"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun",
"feminine"
],
"word": "centralność"
},
{
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "antycentrun"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centrysta"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "centrystka"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centrowiec"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "centrala"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "centralka"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"czas.",
"ndk."
],
"word": "centrować"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"dk."
],
"word": "wycentrować"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "centralny"
},
{
"word": "centrowy"
},
{
"word": "scentrowany"
},
{
"word": "zacentrowany"
},
{
"word": "centrystyczny"
},
{
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "centralnie"
},
{
"word": "centrowo"
},
{
"tags": [
"word-forming"
],
"word": "centro-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"środkowa część czegoś"
],
"id": "pl-centrum-pl-noun-7mAJ3oQ9",
"sense_index": "1.1"
},
{
"glosses": [
"miejsce, gdzie coś się koncentruje"
],
"id": "pl-centrum-pl-noun-SQzq2xKz",
"sense_index": "1.2"
},
{
"glosses": [
"ogół stronnictw i partii politycznych między lewicą a prawicą"
],
"id": "pl-centrum-pl-noun-G3lzFMke",
"sense_index": "1.3",
"topics": [
"political-science"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Rynek znajduje się w centrum miasta."
}
],
"glosses": [
"główna, zwykle środkowa część miasta"
],
"id": "pl-centrum-pl-noun-ReymKn~d",
"sense_index": "1.4"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "ˈʦ̑ɛ̃ntrũm"
},
{
"ipa": "cẽntrũm",
"tags": [
"Slavic-alphabet"
]
},
{
"audio": "Pl-centrum.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Pl-centrum.ogg/Pl-centrum.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pl-centrum.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "ognisko"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "środek"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "serce"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.2",
"word": "centrala"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"translations": [
{
"lang": "angielski",
"lang_code": "en",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "centre"
},
{
"lang": "angielski",
"lang_code": "en",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "center"
},
{
"lang": "arabski",
"lang_code": "ar",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "قلب"
},
{
"lang": "arabski",
"lang_code": "ar",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "مركز"
},
{
"lang": "arabski",
"lang_code": "ar",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "وسط"
},
{
"lang": "arabski",
"lang_code": "ar",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "محور"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "erdialde"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "erdigune"
},
{
"lang": "białoruski",
"lang_code": "be",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "цэнтр"
},
{
"lang": "bułgarski",
"lang_code": "bg",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "център"
},
{
"lang": "chorwacki",
"lang_code": "hr",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centar"
},
{
"lang": "duński",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "center"
},
{
"lang": "esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "centro"
},
{
"lang": "fiński",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "keskusta"
},
{
"lang": "francuski",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centre"
},
{
"lang": "hebrajski",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "merkaz",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "מרכז"
},
{
"lang": "hiszpański",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centro"
},
{
"lang": "interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "centro"
},
{
"lang": "islandzki",
"lang_code": "is",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "miðja"
},
{
"lang": "jidysz",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "center",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "צענטער"
},
{
"lang": "kaszubski",
"lang_code": "csb",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "łaciński",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "łotewski",
"lang_code": "lv",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "centrs"
},
{
"lang": "niemiecki",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zentrum"
},
{
"lang": "nowogrecki",
"lang_code": "el",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "κέντρο"
},
{
"lang": "perski",
"lang_code": "fa",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "مرکز"
},
{
"lang": "rosyjski",
"lang_code": "ru",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "центр"
},
{
"lang": "rosyjski",
"lang_code": "ru",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "середина"
},
{
"lang": "slovio",
"lang_code": "slovio",
"roman": "сред",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "sred"
},
{
"lang": "szwabski",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zẽndrõmm"
},
{
"lang": "szwedzki",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"common"
],
"word": "center"
},
{
"lang": "szwedzki",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "ukraiński",
"lang_code": "uk",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "центр"
},
{
"lang": "ukraiński",
"lang_code": "uk",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "середина"
},
{
"lang": "ukraiński",
"lang_code": "uk",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "осередок"
},
{
"lang": "węgierski",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "központ"
},
{
"lang": "węgierski",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "wilamowski",
"lang_code": "wym",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "angielski",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"bryt."
],
"sense_index": "1.2",
"word": "centre"
},
{
"lang": "angielski",
"lang_code": "en",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "center"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"word": "zentro"
},
{
"lang": "bułgarski",
"lang_code": "bg",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "център"
},
{
"lang": "hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"roman": "se͂ṭer",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "सेंटर"
},
{
"lang": "szwedzki",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"common"
],
"word": "center"
},
{
"lang": "szwedzki",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"common"
],
"word": "central"
},
{
"lang": "ukraiński",
"lang_code": "uk",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "центр"
},
{
"lang": "wilamowski",
"lang_code": "wym",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.3",
"word": "zentro"
},
{
"lang": "bułgarski",
"lang_code": "bg",
"sense_index": "1.3",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "център"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"word": "erdialde"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"word": "erdigune"
},
{
"lang": "bułgarski",
"lang_code": "bg",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "център"
},
{
"lang": "esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"word": "urbocentro"
},
{
"lang": "francuski",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centre-ville"
},
{
"lang": "niemiecki",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zentrum"
},
{
"lang": "szwabski",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zẽndrõmm"
},
{
"lang": "wilamowski",
"lang_code": "wym",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
}
],
"word": "centrum"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "obrzeże"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "kraniec"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "krawędź"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "skraj"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.4",
"word": "peryferie"
}
],
"categories": [
"polski (indeks)"
],
"etymology_texts": [
"łac. centrum → środek"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "centra",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centrów",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centrom",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centra",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centrami",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centrach",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "centra",
"sense_index": "1.1-4",
"tags": [
"vocative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "język polski",
"lang_code": "pl",
"notes": [
{
"sense_index": "1.4",
"text": "por. śródmieście"
}
],
"pos": "noun",
"pos_text": "rzeczownik",
"related": [
{
"sense_index": "1.2",
"word": "centrum handlowe"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun",
"feminine"
],
"word": "centralność"
},
{
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "antycentrun"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centrysta"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "centrystka"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centrowiec"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "centrala"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "centralka"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"czas.",
"ndk."
],
"word": "centrować"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"dk."
],
"word": "wycentrować"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "centralny"
},
{
"word": "centrowy"
},
{
"word": "scentrowany"
},
{
"word": "zacentrowany"
},
{
"word": "centrystyczny"
},
{
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "centralnie"
},
{
"word": "centrowo"
},
{
"tags": [
"word-forming"
],
"word": "centro-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"środkowa część czegoś"
],
"sense_index": "1.1"
},
{
"glosses": [
"miejsce, gdzie coś się koncentruje"
],
"sense_index": "1.2"
},
{
"glosses": [
"ogół stronnictw i partii politycznych między lewicą a prawicą"
],
"sense_index": "1.3",
"topics": [
"political-science"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Rynek znajduje się w centrum miasta."
}
],
"glosses": [
"główna, zwykle środkowa część miasta"
],
"sense_index": "1.4"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "ˈʦ̑ɛ̃ntrũm"
},
{
"ipa": "cẽntrũm",
"tags": [
"Slavic-alphabet"
]
},
{
"audio": "Pl-centrum.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Pl-centrum.ogg/Pl-centrum.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pl-centrum.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "ognisko"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "środek"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "serce"
},
{
"sense_index": "1.2",
"word": "centrala"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"translations": [
{
"lang": "angielski",
"lang_code": "en",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "centre"
},
{
"lang": "angielski",
"lang_code": "en",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "center"
},
{
"lang": "arabski",
"lang_code": "ar",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "قلب"
},
{
"lang": "arabski",
"lang_code": "ar",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "مركز"
},
{
"lang": "arabski",
"lang_code": "ar",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "وسط"
},
{
"lang": "arabski",
"lang_code": "ar",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "محور"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "erdialde"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "erdigune"
},
{
"lang": "białoruski",
"lang_code": "be",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "цэнтр"
},
{
"lang": "bułgarski",
"lang_code": "bg",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "център"
},
{
"lang": "chorwacki",
"lang_code": "hr",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centar"
},
{
"lang": "duński",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "center"
},
{
"lang": "esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "centro"
},
{
"lang": "fiński",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "keskusta"
},
{
"lang": "francuski",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centre"
},
{
"lang": "hebrajski",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "merkaz",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "מרכז"
},
{
"lang": "hiszpański",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centro"
},
{
"lang": "interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "centro"
},
{
"lang": "islandzki",
"lang_code": "is",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "miðja"
},
{
"lang": "jidysz",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "center",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "צענטער"
},
{
"lang": "kaszubski",
"lang_code": "csb",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "łaciński",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "łotewski",
"lang_code": "lv",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "centrs"
},
{
"lang": "niemiecki",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zentrum"
},
{
"lang": "nowogrecki",
"lang_code": "el",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "κέντρο"
},
{
"lang": "perski",
"lang_code": "fa",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "مرکز"
},
{
"lang": "rosyjski",
"lang_code": "ru",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "центр"
},
{
"lang": "rosyjski",
"lang_code": "ru",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "середина"
},
{
"lang": "slovio",
"lang_code": "slovio",
"roman": "сред",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "sred"
},
{
"lang": "szwabski",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zẽndrõmm"
},
{
"lang": "szwedzki",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"common"
],
"word": "center"
},
{
"lang": "szwedzki",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "ukraiński",
"lang_code": "uk",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "центр"
},
{
"lang": "ukraiński",
"lang_code": "uk",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "середина"
},
{
"lang": "ukraiński",
"lang_code": "uk",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "осередок"
},
{
"lang": "węgierski",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "központ"
},
{
"lang": "węgierski",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "wilamowski",
"lang_code": "wym",
"sense_index": "1.1",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "angielski",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"bryt."
],
"sense_index": "1.2",
"word": "centre"
},
{
"lang": "angielski",
"lang_code": "en",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "center"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"word": "zentro"
},
{
"lang": "bułgarski",
"lang_code": "bg",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "център"
},
{
"lang": "hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"roman": "se͂ṭer",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "सेंटर"
},
{
"lang": "szwedzki",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"common"
],
"word": "center"
},
{
"lang": "szwedzki",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"common"
],
"word": "central"
},
{
"lang": "ukraiński",
"lang_code": "uk",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "центр"
},
{
"lang": "wilamowski",
"lang_code": "wym",
"sense_index": "1.2",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.3",
"word": "zentro"
},
{
"lang": "bułgarski",
"lang_code": "bg",
"sense_index": "1.3",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "център"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"word": "erdialde"
},
{
"lang": "baskijski",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"word": "erdigune"
},
{
"lang": "bułgarski",
"lang_code": "bg",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "център"
},
{
"lang": "esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"word": "urbocentro"
},
{
"lang": "francuski",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "centre-ville"
},
{
"lang": "niemiecki",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zentrum"
},
{
"lang": "szwabski",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zẽndrõmm"
},
{
"lang": "wilamowski",
"lang_code": "wym",
"sense_index": "1.4",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "centrum"
}
],
"word": "centrum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for centrum meaning in język polski (8.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable język polski dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-10-17 from the plwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (1fa2fea and a709d4b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.