See pengaled in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "pen",
"3": "caled",
"t1": "head",
"t2": "hard"
},
"expansion": "pen (“head”) + caled (“hard”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From pen (“head”) + caled (“hard”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pengaled",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pengaled",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mor bengaled",
"tags": [
"equative"
]
},
{
"form": "mwy pengaled",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "mwyaf pengaled",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwy"
},
"expansion": "pengaled (feminine singular pengaled, plural pengaled, equative mor bengaled, comparative mwy pengaled, superlative mwyaf pengaled)",
"name": "cy-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 27 28 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 28 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 29 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 26 29 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 32 33 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "cy",
"name": "Thistles",
"orig": "cy:Thistles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "stubbornness",
"translation": "stubbornness",
"word": "pengaledwch"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hard-headed, stubborn, obstinate, headstrong"
],
"id": "en-pengaled-cy-adj-lxTDVJNw",
"links": [
[
"hard-headed",
"hard-headed"
],
[
"stubborn",
"stubborn"
],
[
"obstinate",
"obstinate"
],
[
"headstrong",
"headstrong"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cyndyn"
},
{
"word": "ystyfnig"
},
{
"word": "penstiff"
},
{
"word": "gwargaled"
}
]
}
],
"word": "pengaled"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "pen",
"3": "caled",
"t1": "head",
"t2": "hard"
},
"expansion": "pen (“head”) + caled (“hard”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From pen (“head”) + caled (“hard”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "y bengaled",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pengaled",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "bengaled",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "mhengaled",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "phengaled",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "-",
"head": "y bengaled"
},
"expansion": "y bengaled f (uncountable)",
"name": "cy-noun"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "Maltese star-thistle",
"translation": "Maltese star-thistle",
"word": "pengaled seraidd Malta"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "rough star-thistle",
"translation": "rough star-thistle",
"word": "y bengaled arw"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "giant knapweed",
"translation": "giant knapweed",
"word": "y bengaled benfawr"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "y bengaled fawr"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "y bengaled fwyaf"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "greater knapweed",
"translation": "greater knapweed",
"word": "y bengaled goch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "yellow starthistle",
"translation": "yellow starthistle",
"word": "y bengaled felen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "hybrid knapweed",
"translation": "hybrid knapweed",
"word": "y bengaled groesryw"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "cornflower",
"roman": "las",
"translation": "cornflower",
"word": "y bengaled yr ŷd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"alt": "leiaf",
"word": "y bengaled benddu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "y bengaled ddu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "common knapweed",
"translation": "common knapweed",
"word": "y bengaled goch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "brown knapweed",
"translation": "brown knapweed",
"word": "y bengaled lwytgoch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "red starthistle",
"translation": "red starthistle",
"word": "y bengaled seraidd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "lesser starthistle",
"translation": "lesser starthistle",
"word": "y bengaled seraidd fach"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 27 28 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 28 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 29 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 26 29 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 37 37 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "cy",
"name": "Honeysuckle family plants",
"orig": "cy:Honeysuckle family plants",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 32 33 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "cy",
"name": "Thistles",
"orig": "cy:Thistles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"knapweed (Centaurea spp.)",
"common knapweed (Centaurea nigra)"
],
"id": "en-pengaled-cy-noun-m2AU4NPV",
"links": [
[
"knapweed",
"knapweed"
],
[
"Centaurea",
"Centaurea#Translingual"
],
[
"Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd",
"w:Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd"
],
[
"Gwasg Carreg Gwalch",
"w:Gwasg Carreg Gwalch"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "y gramennog"
},
{
"word": "madfelen"
},
{
"word": "dauwynebog"
},
{
"word": "y bengaled (leiaf) benddu"
},
{
"word": "y bengaled ddu"
},
{
"word": "y bengaled goch"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 27 28 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 28 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 29 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 26 29 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 37 37 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "cy",
"name": "Honeysuckle family plants",
"orig": "cy:Honeysuckle family plants",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 32 33 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "cy",
"name": "Thistles",
"orig": "cy:Thistles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"knapweed (Centaurea spp.)",
"cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)"
],
"id": "en-pengaled-cy-noun-L2LivM9y",
"links": [
[
"knapweed",
"knapweed"
],
[
"Centaurea",
"Centaurea#Translingual"
],
[
"cornflower",
"cornflower"
],
[
"Centaurea cyanus",
"Centaurea cyanus#Translingual"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "glas yr ŷd"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 27 28 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 28 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 27 29 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 26 29 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 37 37 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "cy",
"name": "Honeysuckle family plants",
"orig": "cy:Honeysuckle family plants",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 32 33 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "cy",
"name": "Thistles",
"orig": "cy:Thistles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"scabious (Scabiosa ssp.), especially field scabious (Knautia arvensis)"
],
"id": "en-pengaled-cy-noun-Mhm50Dyu",
"links": [
[
"scabious",
"scabious"
],
[
"Scabiosa",
"Scabiosa#Translingual"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "y glafrllys"
},
{
"word": "clafrllys y maes"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "pengaled"
}
{
"categories": [
"Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Welsh adjectives",
"Welsh compound terms",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh feminine nouns",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh links with redundant wikilinks",
"Welsh nouns",
"Welsh uncountable nouns",
"cy:Honeysuckle family plants",
"cy:Thistles"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "stubbornness",
"translation": "stubbornness",
"word": "pengaledwch"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "pen",
"3": "caled",
"t1": "head",
"t2": "hard"
},
"expansion": "pen (“head”) + caled (“hard”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From pen (“head”) + caled (“hard”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pengaled",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pengaled",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mor bengaled",
"tags": [
"equative"
]
},
{
"form": "mwy pengaled",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "mwyaf pengaled",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwy"
},
"expansion": "pengaled (feminine singular pengaled, plural pengaled, equative mor bengaled, comparative mwy pengaled, superlative mwyaf pengaled)",
"name": "cy-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hard-headed, stubborn, obstinate, headstrong"
],
"links": [
[
"hard-headed",
"hard-headed"
],
[
"stubborn",
"stubborn"
],
[
"obstinate",
"obstinate"
],
[
"headstrong",
"headstrong"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cyndyn"
},
{
"word": "ystyfnig"
},
{
"word": "penstiff"
},
{
"word": "gwargaled"
}
]
}
],
"word": "pengaled"
}
{
"categories": [
"Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Welsh adjectives",
"Welsh compound terms",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh feminine nouns",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh links with redundant wikilinks",
"Welsh nouns",
"Welsh uncountable nouns",
"cy:Honeysuckle family plants",
"cy:Thistles"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "pen",
"3": "caled",
"t1": "head",
"t2": "hard"
},
"expansion": "pen (“head”) + caled (“hard”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From pen (“head”) + caled (“hard”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "y bengaled",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pengaled",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "bengaled",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "mhengaled",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "phengaled",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "-",
"head": "y bengaled"
},
"expansion": "y bengaled f (uncountable)",
"name": "cy-noun"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"english": "Maltese star-thistle",
"translation": "Maltese star-thistle",
"word": "pengaled seraidd Malta"
},
{
"english": "rough star-thistle",
"translation": "rough star-thistle",
"word": "y bengaled arw"
},
{
"english": "giant knapweed",
"translation": "giant knapweed",
"word": "y bengaled benfawr"
},
{
"word": "y bengaled fawr"
},
{
"word": "y bengaled fwyaf"
},
{
"english": "greater knapweed",
"translation": "greater knapweed",
"word": "y bengaled goch"
},
{
"english": "yellow starthistle",
"translation": "yellow starthistle",
"word": "y bengaled felen"
},
{
"english": "hybrid knapweed",
"translation": "hybrid knapweed",
"word": "y bengaled groesryw"
},
{
"english": "cornflower",
"roman": "las",
"translation": "cornflower",
"word": "y bengaled yr ŷd"
},
{
"alt": "leiaf",
"word": "y bengaled benddu"
},
{
"word": "y bengaled ddu"
},
{
"english": "common knapweed",
"translation": "common knapweed",
"word": "y bengaled goch"
},
{
"english": "brown knapweed",
"translation": "brown knapweed",
"word": "y bengaled lwytgoch"
},
{
"english": "red starthistle",
"translation": "red starthistle",
"word": "y bengaled seraidd"
},
{
"english": "lesser starthistle",
"translation": "lesser starthistle",
"word": "y bengaled seraidd fach"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa",
"Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)"
],
"glosses": [
"knapweed (Centaurea spp.)",
"common knapweed (Centaurea nigra)"
],
"links": [
[
"knapweed",
"knapweed"
],
[
"Centaurea",
"Centaurea#Translingual"
],
[
"Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd",
"w:Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd"
],
[
"Gwasg Carreg Gwalch",
"w:Gwasg Carreg Gwalch"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "y gramennog"
},
{
"word": "madfelen"
},
{
"word": "dauwynebog"
},
{
"word": "y bengaled (leiaf) benddu"
},
{
"word": "y bengaled ddu"
},
{
"word": "y bengaled goch"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"knapweed (Centaurea spp.)",
"cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)"
],
"links": [
[
"knapweed",
"knapweed"
],
[
"Centaurea",
"Centaurea#Translingual"
],
[
"cornflower",
"cornflower"
],
[
"Centaurea cyanus",
"Centaurea cyanus#Translingual"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "glas yr ŷd"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa",
"Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)"
],
"glosses": [
"scabious (Scabiosa ssp.), especially field scabious (Knautia arvensis)"
],
"links": [
[
"scabious",
"scabious"
],
[
"Scabiosa",
"Scabiosa#Translingual"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "y glafrllys"
},
{
"word": "clafrllys y maes"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "pengaled"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pengaled meaning in Welsh (5.3kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: pengaled/Welsh 'radical' base_tags=set()",
"path": [
"pengaled"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pengaled",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: pengaled/Welsh 'nasal' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'soft'}",
"path": [
"pengaled"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pengaled",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: pengaled/Welsh 'aspirate' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'soft'}",
"path": [
"pengaled"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pengaled",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Welsh dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-02-14 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-02-01 using wiktextract (f492ef9 and 59dc20b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.