"กรุง" meaning in Thai

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "กรุงกษัตริย์"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "กรุงเก่า"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "grung-kà-mǎo",
      "word": "กรุงเขมา"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "grung-têep",
      "word": "กรุงเทพ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "กรุงพาลี"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "กรุงโรมไม่ได้สร้างเสร็จในวันเดียว"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "kon-grung",
      "word": "คนกรุง"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "ชาวกรุง"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "บ้านนอกเข้ากรุง"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "เมืองกรุง"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "lûuk-grung",
      "word": "ลูกกรุง"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "derived terms",
        "2": "Derived"
      },
      "expansion": "Derived",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "okz",
        "3": "ក្រុង៑",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "kruṅ",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old Khmer ក្រុង៑ (kruṅ)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "okz",
        "3": "ក្រុង៑",
        "tr": "kruṅ"
      },
      "expansion": "Derived from Old Khmer ក្រុង៑ (kruṅ)",
      "name": "der+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "mkh-pro",
        "3": "*kruŋ",
        "t": "to confine"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *kruŋ (“to confine”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "กรง"
      },
      "expansion": "Thai กรง (grong)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "ក្រុង"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer ក្រុង (krong)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lo",
        "2": "ກຸງ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lao ກຸງ (kung)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Derived from Old Khmer ក្រុង៑ (kruṅ) or កុរុង៑ (kuruṅ, “to rule, to govern; ruler, governor; head, chief”); ultimately from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kruŋ (“to confine”), whence Thai กรง (grong). Cognate with Modern Khmer ក្រុង (krong) and Lao ກຸງ (kung).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "grung",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "กรุง • (grung)",
      "name": "th-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Thai",
  "lang_code": "th",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "22 27 16 11 24",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Monarchy",
          "orig": "th:Monarchy",
          "parents": [
            "Forms of government",
            "High society",
            "Government",
            "Society",
            "Politics",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "c. 15th century, ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, พจนานุกรมศัพท์วรรณคดีไทย สมัยอยุธยา โคลงยวนพ่าย, กรุงเทพฯ: ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, published 2002, →ISBN, page 97:\nแถลงปางธรรมิศรเจ้า จอมปราณ เสด็จล่วงบเกรงกรุง ทั่วด้าว\ntà-lɛ̌ɛng bpaang tam-mít jâao · jɔɔm bpraan · sà-dèt lûuang bɔɔ greeng grung · tûua dâao\nSpeaking of the time [when] the lord of dharma, the raja of [all] lives, fared across [the world] without fearing [any] king throughout the land",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "monarch; sovereign"
      ],
      "id": "en-กรุง-th-noun-l7~1C5xp",
      "links": [
        [
          "monarch",
          "monarch"
        ],
        [
          "sovereign",
          "sovereign"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) monarch; sovereign"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 48 2 3 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 50 1 2 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 47 2 3 44",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 48 2 3 43",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 52 1 1 46",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Capital cities",
          "orig": "th:Capital cities",
          "parents": [
            "Cities",
            "Polities",
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 47 2 7 43",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Cities",
          "orig": "th:Cities",
          "parents": [
            "Polities",
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 31 17 18 33",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Countries",
          "orig": "th:Countries",
          "parents": [
            "Polities",
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 27 16 11 24",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Monarchy",
          "orig": "th:Monarchy",
          "parents": [
            "Forms of government",
            "High society",
            "Government",
            "Society",
            "Politics",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1856 April 6, “กดหมายอย่างพ่อค้าอังกฤษซึ่งมาค้าขายในกรุงฯ ต้องใช้”, in หนังสือสัญญากรุงเทพมหานครกับกรุงอังกริษเปนทางไมตรีค้าขายกัน, Bangkok: Washington Press, published 1856, page 18:\nถ้ากำปั่นลูกค้าอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษขึ้นมาทอดสมอที่กรุงแล้ว\ntâa gam-bpàn lûuk-káa yùu nai bang-káp ang-grìt kʉ̂n maa tɔ̂ɔt sà-mɔ̌ɔ tîi grung lɛ́ɛo\nIf a vessel of a merchant who is an English subject has come up to cast anchor at the capital",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "1870 June 2, “ประกาศภาษีเรือ”, in กฎหมายไทย คือ พระราชบัญญัติและประกาศซึ่งตั้งขึ้นในรัชกาลของพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัวผู้ทรงพระคุณธรรมอันประเสริฐ, volume 1, กรุงเทพฯ: โรงพิมพ์วิชากร, published 1893:\nกำนันนายอำเภอราษฎรในกรุงนอกกรุงทั้งปวง\ngam-nan naai-am-pəə râat-sà-dɔɔn nai grung nɔ̂ɔk grung táng-bpuuang\nAll the subdistrict chiefs, district chiefs, [and] inhabitants, [both] inside the capital [and] outside the capital",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "city where the sovereign resides; capital city; city which is the seat of government"
      ],
      "id": "en-กรุง-th-noun-L7WXLdfT",
      "links": [
        [
          "city",
          "city"
        ],
        [
          "reside",
          "reside"
        ],
        [
          "capital city",
          "capital city"
        ],
        [
          "seat of government",
          "seat of government"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) city where the sovereign resides; capital city; city which is the seat of government"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 31 17 18 33",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Countries",
          "orig": "th:Countries",
          "parents": [
            "Polities",
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 27 16 11 24",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Monarchy",
          "orig": "th:Monarchy",
          "parents": [
            "Forms of government",
            "High society",
            "Government",
            "Society",
            "Politics",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1907 August 26, ดำรงราชานุภาพ, พระเจ้าน้องยาเธอ กรมหลวง, พระราชพงษาวดารกรุงเก่า ฉบับหลวงประเสริฐอักษรนิติ์, กรุงเทพฯ: โรงพิมพ์ไทย, page ก:\nพระเจ้าหงษาวดีที่มาตีกรุงเก่า\nprá-jâao hǒng-sǎa-wá-dii tîi maa dtii grung gào\nThe king of Haṃsavatī who came to attack the Old Kingdom",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "nation or country, especially a kingdom"
      ],
      "id": "en-กรุง-th-noun-NZTjUQDe",
      "links": [
        [
          "nation",
          "nation"
        ],
        [
          "country",
          "country"
        ],
        [
          "especially",
          "especially"
        ],
        [
          "kingdom",
          "kingdom"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) nation or country, especially a kingdom"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 31 17 18 33",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Countries",
          "orig": "th:Countries",
          "parents": [
            "Polities",
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 27 16 11 24",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Monarchy",
          "orig": "th:Monarchy",
          "parents": [
            "Forms of government",
            "High society",
            "Government",
            "Society",
            "Politics",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1855, “แผ่นดินสมเด็จพระมหาจักรพรรดิราชาธิราช”, in พระราชพงษาวดาร ฉบับพระราชหัดถเลขา, volume 1, กรุงเทพฯ: หอพระสมุดวชิรญาณ, published 1912, page 27:\nเลิกทัพกลับไปกรุงหงษาวดีโดยทางมา\nlə̂ək táp glàp bpai grung hǒng-sǎa-wá-dii dooi taang maa\nWithdrew the army [and] returned to the kingdom of Haṃsavatī by the arrival route",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "1863 August 11, “สัญญาที่องค์สมเด็จพระนโรดมฯ ว่าถูกบังคับให้ลงนามให้ทำกับฝรั่งเศสเมื่อวันที่ ๑๑ สิงหาคม พุทธศักราช ๒๔๐๖”, in ไทยสถาปนากษัตริย์เขมร, กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักทำเนียบนายกรัฐมนตรี, published 1962, page 106:\nเมืองใดที่ขึ้นเจ้ากรุงฝรั่งเศส\nmʉʉang dai tîi kʉ̂n jâao grung fà-ràng-sèet\nAny city which is subject to the king of the kingdom of France",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "used as a prefix to the name of a nation or country, especially a kingdom"
      ],
      "id": "en-กรุง-th-noun-1Lz-F8C4",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) used as a prefix to the name of a nation or country, especially a kingdom"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 48 2 3 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 50 1 2 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 47 2 3 44",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 48 2 3 43",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 52 1 1 46",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Capital cities",
          "orig": "th:Capital cities",
          "parents": [
            "Cities",
            "Polities",
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 47 2 7 43",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Cities",
          "orig": "th:Cities",
          "parents": [
            "Polities",
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 31 17 18 33",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Countries",
          "orig": "th:Countries",
          "parents": [
            "Polities",
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 27 16 11 24",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "th",
          "name": "Monarchy",
          "orig": "th:Monarchy",
          "parents": [
            "Forms of government",
            "High society",
            "Government",
            "Society",
            "Politics",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1804, ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, กฎหมายตราสามดวง: พระทำนูน ฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, กรุงเทพฯ: ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, published 2010, →ISBN, page 147:\nตราเทพยุดาถือจักร...ปิดงบครั่งประจำนอกพระลุ้งพระราชสารไปกรุงปากกิ่ง\ndtraa têep-pá-yú-daa tʉ̌ʉ jàk ... bpìt ngóp-krâng bprà-jam nɔ̂ɔk prá lúng prá râat-chá sǎan bpai grung bpàak-gìng\nThe seal of the deity carrying a discus...is impressed upon the lac wax attached to the covering of the container of a royal letter to the city of Peking.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "1931 July 31, “ประกาศกระทรวงการต่างประเทศ ลงวันที่ ๓๑ กรกฎาคม ๒๔๗๔”, in ประกาศพระราชบัญญัติและพระราชกำหนดต่าง ๆ รัชชกาลที่ ๗, volume 7, พระนคร: โรงพิมพ์บำรุงนุกูลกิจ, published 1931, page 161:\nอัครราชทูตสยามณกรุงลอนดอนได้ยื่นจดหมายเสนาบดีกระทรวงการต่างประเทศ\nàk-krá-râat-chá-tûut sà-yǎam nɔɔ grung lɔn-dɔn dâai yʉ̂ʉn jòt-mǎai sěe-naa-bɔɔ-dii grà-suuang gaan dtàang-bprà-têet\nThe Siamese minister at the city of London has submitted the letter of the Minister [in charge of] the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "used as a prefix to the name of a capital city or a city serving as the seat of government"
      ],
      "id": "en-กรุง-th-noun-Jjbck1tb"
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kruŋ˧/",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "กุรุง"
    }
  ],
  "word": "กรุง"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Requests for transliteration of Thai quotations",
    "Rhymes:Thai/uŋ",
    "Thai 1-syllable words",
    "Thai entries with incorrect language header",
    "Thai lemmas",
    "Thai nouns",
    "Thai terms derived from Old Khmer",
    "Thai terms derived from Proto-Mon-Khmer",
    "Thai terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Thai terms with redundant script codes",
    "th:Capital cities",
    "th:Cities",
    "th:Countries",
    "th:Monarchy"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "กรุงกษัตริย์"
    },
    {
      "word": "กรุงเก่า"
    },
    {
      "roman": "grung-kà-mǎo",
      "word": "กรุงเขมา"
    },
    {
      "roman": "grung-têep",
      "word": "กรุงเทพ"
    },
    {
      "word": "กรุงพาลี"
    },
    {
      "word": "กรุงโรมไม่ได้สร้างเสร็จในวันเดียว"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kon-grung",
      "word": "คนกรุง"
    },
    {
      "word": "ชาวกรุง"
    },
    {
      "word": "บ้านนอกเข้ากรุง"
    },
    {
      "word": "เมืองกรุง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "lûuk-grung",
      "word": "ลูกกรุง"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "derived terms",
        "2": "Derived"
      },
      "expansion": "Derived",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "okz",
        "3": "ក្រុង៑",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "kruṅ",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old Khmer ក្រុង៑ (kruṅ)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "okz",
        "3": "ក្រុង៑",
        "tr": "kruṅ"
      },
      "expansion": "Derived from Old Khmer ក្រុង៑ (kruṅ)",
      "name": "der+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "mkh-pro",
        "3": "*kruŋ",
        "t": "to confine"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *kruŋ (“to confine”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "กรง"
      },
      "expansion": "Thai กรง (grong)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "ក្រុង"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer ក្រុង (krong)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lo",
        "2": "ກຸງ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lao ກຸງ (kung)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Derived from Old Khmer ក្រុង៑ (kruṅ) or កុរុង៑ (kuruṅ, “to rule, to govern; ruler, governor; head, chief”); ultimately from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kruŋ (“to confine”), whence Thai กรง (grong). Cognate with Modern Khmer ក្រុង (krong) and Lao ກຸງ (kung).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "grung",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "กรุง • (grung)",
      "name": "th-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Thai",
  "lang_code": "th",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Thai terms with archaic senses",
        "Thai terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "c. 15th century, ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, พจนานุกรมศัพท์วรรณคดีไทย สมัยอยุธยา โคลงยวนพ่าย, กรุงเทพฯ: ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, published 2002, →ISBN, page 97:\nแถลงปางธรรมิศรเจ้า จอมปราณ เสด็จล่วงบเกรงกรุง ทั่วด้าว\ntà-lɛ̌ɛng bpaang tam-mít jâao · jɔɔm bpraan · sà-dèt lûuang bɔɔ greeng grung · tûua dâao\nSpeaking of the time [when] the lord of dharma, the raja of [all] lives, fared across [the world] without fearing [any] king throughout the land",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "monarch; sovereign"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "monarch",
          "monarch"
        ],
        [
          "sovereign",
          "sovereign"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) monarch; sovereign"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Thai terms with archaic senses",
        "Thai terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1856 April 6, “กดหมายอย่างพ่อค้าอังกฤษซึ่งมาค้าขายในกรุงฯ ต้องใช้”, in หนังสือสัญญากรุงเทพมหานครกับกรุงอังกริษเปนทางไมตรีค้าขายกัน, Bangkok: Washington Press, published 1856, page 18:\nถ้ากำปั่นลูกค้าอยู่ในบังคับอังกฤษขึ้นมาทอดสมอที่กรุงแล้ว\ntâa gam-bpàn lûuk-káa yùu nai bang-káp ang-grìt kʉ̂n maa tɔ̂ɔt sà-mɔ̌ɔ tîi grung lɛ́ɛo\nIf a vessel of a merchant who is an English subject has come up to cast anchor at the capital",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "1870 June 2, “ประกาศภาษีเรือ”, in กฎหมายไทย คือ พระราชบัญญัติและประกาศซึ่งตั้งขึ้นในรัชกาลของพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัวผู้ทรงพระคุณธรรมอันประเสริฐ, volume 1, กรุงเทพฯ: โรงพิมพ์วิชากร, published 1893:\nกำนันนายอำเภอราษฎรในกรุงนอกกรุงทั้งปวง\ngam-nan naai-am-pəə râat-sà-dɔɔn nai grung nɔ̂ɔk grung táng-bpuuang\nAll the subdistrict chiefs, district chiefs, [and] inhabitants, [both] inside the capital [and] outside the capital",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "city where the sovereign resides; capital city; city which is the seat of government"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "city",
          "city"
        ],
        [
          "reside",
          "reside"
        ],
        [
          "capital city",
          "capital city"
        ],
        [
          "seat of government",
          "seat of government"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) city where the sovereign resides; capital city; city which is the seat of government"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Thai terms with archaic senses",
        "Thai terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1907 August 26, ดำรงราชานุภาพ, พระเจ้าน้องยาเธอ กรมหลวง, พระราชพงษาวดารกรุงเก่า ฉบับหลวงประเสริฐอักษรนิติ์, กรุงเทพฯ: โรงพิมพ์ไทย, page ก:\nพระเจ้าหงษาวดีที่มาตีกรุงเก่า\nprá-jâao hǒng-sǎa-wá-dii tîi maa dtii grung gào\nThe king of Haṃsavatī who came to attack the Old Kingdom",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "nation or country, especially a kingdom"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "nation",
          "nation"
        ],
        [
          "country",
          "country"
        ],
        [
          "especially",
          "especially"
        ],
        [
          "kingdom",
          "kingdom"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) nation or country, especially a kingdom"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Thai terms with archaic senses",
        "Thai terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1855, “แผ่นดินสมเด็จพระมหาจักรพรรดิราชาธิราช”, in พระราชพงษาวดาร ฉบับพระราชหัดถเลขา, volume 1, กรุงเทพฯ: หอพระสมุดวชิรญาณ, published 1912, page 27:\nเลิกทัพกลับไปกรุงหงษาวดีโดยทางมา\nlə̂ək táp glàp bpai grung hǒng-sǎa-wá-dii dooi taang maa\nWithdrew the army [and] returned to the kingdom of Haṃsavatī by the arrival route",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "1863 August 11, “สัญญาที่องค์สมเด็จพระนโรดมฯ ว่าถูกบังคับให้ลงนามให้ทำกับฝรั่งเศสเมื่อวันที่ ๑๑ สิงหาคม พุทธศักราช ๒๔๐๖”, in ไทยสถาปนากษัตริย์เขมร, กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักทำเนียบนายกรัฐมนตรี, published 1962, page 106:\nเมืองใดที่ขึ้นเจ้ากรุงฝรั่งเศส\nmʉʉang dai tîi kʉ̂n jâao grung fà-ràng-sèet\nAny city which is subject to the king of the kingdom of France",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "used as a prefix to the name of a nation or country, especially a kingdom"
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) used as a prefix to the name of a nation or country, especially a kingdom"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Thai terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1804, ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, กฎหมายตราสามดวง: พระทำนูน ฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, กรุงเทพฯ: ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, published 2010, →ISBN, page 147:\nตราเทพยุดาถือจักร...ปิดงบครั่งประจำนอกพระลุ้งพระราชสารไปกรุงปากกิ่ง\ndtraa têep-pá-yú-daa tʉ̌ʉ jàk ... bpìt ngóp-krâng bprà-jam nɔ̂ɔk prá lúng prá râat-chá sǎan bpai grung bpàak-gìng\nThe seal of the deity carrying a discus...is impressed upon the lac wax attached to the covering of the container of a royal letter to the city of Peking.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "1931 July 31, “ประกาศกระทรวงการต่างประเทศ ลงวันที่ ๓๑ กรกฎาคม ๒๔๗๔”, in ประกาศพระราชบัญญัติและพระราชกำหนดต่าง ๆ รัชชกาลที่ ๗, volume 7, พระนคร: โรงพิมพ์บำรุงนุกูลกิจ, published 1931, page 161:\nอัครราชทูตสยามณกรุงลอนดอนได้ยื่นจดหมายเสนาบดีกระทรวงการต่างประเทศ\nàk-krá-râat-chá-tûut sà-yǎam nɔɔ grung lɔn-dɔn dâai yʉ̂ʉn jòt-mǎai sěe-naa-bɔɔ-dii grà-suuang gaan dtàang-bprà-têet\nThe Siamese minister at the city of London has submitted the letter of the Minister [in charge of] the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "used as a prefix to the name of a capital city or a city serving as the seat of government"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kruŋ˧/",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "กุรุง"
    }
  ],
  "word": "กรุง"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <table> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "กรุง"
  ],
  "section": "Thai",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "กรุง",
  "trace": "started on line 1, detected on line 4"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </tr>",
  "path": [
    "กรุง"
  ],
  "section": "Thai",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "กรุง",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </table>",
  "path": [
    "กรุง"
  ],
  "section": "Thai",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "กรุง",
  "trace": ""
}