See mambabae in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": ":af",
"3": "mam-",
"4": "babae",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Austronesian *-um-\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *paN-\nblend\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-\nTagalog mang-\nTagalog mam-\nProto-Austronesian *ba-bahi\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *ba-bahi\nTagalog babae\nTagalog mambabae\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian\", \"term\" : \"*-um-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"poz-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian\", \"term\" : \"*paN-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"poz-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Blend of\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"blend\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian\", \"term\" : \"*maN-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"poz-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Tagalog\", \"term\" : \"mang-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"tl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Tagalog\", \"term\" : \"mam-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"tl\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Austronesian\", \"term\" : \"*ba-bahi\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"map-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian\", \"term\" : \"*ba-bahi\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"poz-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Tagalog\", \"term\" : \"babae\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"tl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Tagalog\", \"term\" : \"mambabae\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"tl\" }\" data-lang=\"tl\" data-title=\"mambabae\">\nFrom mam- + babae.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Austronesian *-um-\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *paN-\nblend\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-\nTagalog mang-\nTagalog mam-\nProto-Austronesian *ba-bahi\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *ba-bahi\nTagalog babae\nTagalog mambabae\nFrom mam- + babae.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "nambabae",
"tags": [
"completive"
]
},
{
"form": "nambababae",
"tags": [
"progressive"
]
},
{
"form": "mambababae",
"tags": [
"contemplative"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tl-infl-mang",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mang-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜋᜅ᜔",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "babae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "actor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "mambabae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "nambabae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜈᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "nambababae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"progressive"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜈᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"progressive"
]
},
{
"form": "mambababae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kapambababae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜃᜉ ᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kakapambabae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜃᜃᜉᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "kapapambabae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜃᜉᜉᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "pambabae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"imperative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜉ ᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "manbabayi",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+",
"2": "nambabae",
"3": "nambababae",
"4": "mambababae",
"b": "+",
"type": "actor III"
},
"expansion": "mambabae (complete nambabae, progressive nambababae, contemplative mambababae, 3rd actor trigger, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ)",
"name": "tl-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"mam‧ba‧ba‧e"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"mam‧ba‧ba‧e"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "b",
"2": "a",
"3": "bae",
"4": "partial",
"title": "mambabae"
},
"name": "tl-infl-mang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mang- / ᜋᜅ᜔",
"10": "babae / ᜊᜊᜁ",
"11": "¹ Dialectal use only. Not used in Standard Tagalog.",
"2": "actor",
"3": "mambabae / ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"4": "nambabae / ᜈᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"5": "nambababae / ᜈᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"6": "mambababae / ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"7": "kapambababae / ᜃᜉ ᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"8": "kakapambabae / ᜃᜃᜉᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ\nkapapambabae / ᜃᜉᜉᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"9": "pambabae¹ / ᜉ ᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"title": "mambabae"
},
"name": "tl-infl-table"
}
],
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "babaihin"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pambababae"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to court a girl"
],
"id": "en-mambabae-tl-verb-FubhRMsK",
"links": [
[
"court",
"court"
],
[
"girl",
"girl"
]
],
"tags": [
"actor-iii"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 37 22 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 37 22 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 55 16 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 56 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 59 14 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 56 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 56 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 98 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 57 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 45 19 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms prefixed with mam-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 58 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms with Baybayin script",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 38 22 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms with malumay pronunciation",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 64 13 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms with missing Baybayin script entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to fool around with women"
],
"id": "en-mambabae-tl-verb-zFBoA5dw",
"links": [
[
"fool around",
"fool around"
],
[
"women",
"woman"
]
],
"tags": [
"actor-iii"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to womanize; to seduce a woman"
],
"id": "en-mambabae-tl-verb-ht3IOny7",
"links": [
[
"womanize",
"womanize"
],
[
"seduce",
"seduce"
]
],
"tags": [
"actor-iii"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to have a mistress"
],
"id": "en-mambabae-tl-verb-lq6NQ22p",
"links": [
[
"have",
"have"
],
[
"mistress",
"mistress"
]
],
"tags": [
"actor-iii"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/mambaˈbaʔe/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[mɐm.bɐˈbaː.ʔɛ]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʔe"
}
],
"word": "mambabae"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:Tagalog/aʔe",
"Rhymes:Tagalog/aʔe/4 syllables",
"Tagalog 3rd actor trigger verbs",
"Tagalog 4-syllable words",
"Tagalog entries with etymology texts",
"Tagalog entries with etymology trees",
"Tagalog entries with etymon",
"Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"Tagalog lemmas",
"Tagalog terms prefixed with mam-",
"Tagalog terms with Baybayin script",
"Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Tagalog terms with malumay pronunciation",
"Tagalog terms with missing Baybayin script entries",
"Tagalog verbs"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": ":af",
"3": "mam-",
"4": "babae",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Austronesian *-um-\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *paN-\nblend\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-\nTagalog mang-\nTagalog mam-\nProto-Austronesian *ba-bahi\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *ba-bahi\nTagalog babae\nTagalog mambabae\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian\", \"term\" : \"*-um-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"poz-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian\", \"term\" : \"*paN-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"poz-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Blend of\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"blend\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian\", \"term\" : \"*maN-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"poz-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Tagalog\", \"term\" : \"mang-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"tl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Tagalog\", \"term\" : \"mam-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"tl\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Austronesian\", \"term\" : \"*ba-bahi\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"map-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian\", \"term\" : \"*ba-bahi\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"poz-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Tagalog\", \"term\" : \"babae\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"tl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Tagalog\", \"term\" : \"mambabae\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"tl\" }\" data-lang=\"tl\" data-title=\"mambabae\">\nFrom mam- + babae.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Austronesian *-um-\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *paN-\nblend\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-\nTagalog mang-\nTagalog mam-\nProto-Austronesian *ba-bahi\nProto-Malayo-Polynesian *ba-bahi\nTagalog babae\nTagalog mambabae\nFrom mam- + babae.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "nambabae",
"tags": [
"completive"
]
},
{
"form": "nambababae",
"tags": [
"progressive"
]
},
{
"form": "mambababae",
"tags": [
"contemplative"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tl-infl-mang",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mang-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜋᜅ᜔",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "babae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "actor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "mambabae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "nambabae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜈᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "nambababae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"progressive"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜈᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"progressive"
]
},
{
"form": "mambababae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kapambababae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜃᜉ ᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kakapambabae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜃᜃᜉᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "kapapambabae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜃᜉᜉᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "pambabae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"imperative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜉ ᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "manbabayi",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+",
"2": "nambabae",
"3": "nambababae",
"4": "mambababae",
"b": "+",
"type": "actor III"
},
"expansion": "mambabae (complete nambabae, progressive nambababae, contemplative mambababae, 3rd actor trigger, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ)",
"name": "tl-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"mam‧ba‧ba‧e"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"mam‧ba‧ba‧e"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "b",
"2": "a",
"3": "bae",
"4": "partial",
"title": "mambabae"
},
"name": "tl-infl-mang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mang- / ᜋᜅ᜔",
"10": "babae / ᜊᜊᜁ",
"11": "¹ Dialectal use only. Not used in Standard Tagalog.",
"2": "actor",
"3": "mambabae / ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"4": "nambabae / ᜈᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"5": "nambababae / ᜈᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"6": "mambababae / ᜋᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"7": "kapambababae / ᜃᜉ ᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜊᜁ",
"8": "kakapambabae / ᜃᜃᜉᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ\nkapapambabae / ᜃᜉᜉᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"9": "pambabae¹ / ᜉ ᜋ᜔ᜊᜊᜁ",
"title": "mambabae"
},
"name": "tl-infl-table"
}
],
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "babaihin"
},
{
"word": "pambababae"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to court a girl"
],
"links": [
[
"court",
"court"
],
[
"girl",
"girl"
]
],
"tags": [
"actor-iii"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to fool around with women"
],
"links": [
[
"fool around",
"fool around"
],
[
"women",
"woman"
]
],
"tags": [
"actor-iii"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to womanize; to seduce a woman"
],
"links": [
[
"womanize",
"womanize"
],
[
"seduce",
"seduce"
]
],
"tags": [
"actor-iii"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to have a mistress"
],
"links": [
[
"have",
"have"
],
[
"mistress",
"mistress"
]
],
"tags": [
"actor-iii"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/mambaˈbaʔe/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[mɐm.bɐˈbaː.ʔɛ]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʔe"
}
],
"word": "mambabae"
}
Download raw JSONL data for mambabae meaning in Tagalog (7.0kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'affix'",
"path": [
"mambabae"
],
"section": "Tagalog",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "mambabae",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'root word'",
"path": [
"mambabae"
],
"section": "Tagalog",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "mambabae",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'trigger'",
"path": [
"mambabae"
],
"section": "Tagalog",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "mambabae",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'complete'",
"path": [
"mambabae"
],
"section": "Tagalog",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "mambabae",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'contemplative'",
"path": [
"mambabae"
],
"section": "Tagalog",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "mambabae",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'recently complete'",
"path": [
"mambabae"
],
"section": "Tagalog",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "mambabae",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'recently complete'",
"path": [
"mambabae"
],
"section": "Tagalog",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "mambabae",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Tagalog dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.