See laud in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "lēad"
},
"expansion": "Old English: lēad\nMiddle English: led, lead, lede, leed, leod, leyd, leyt, læd (Early Middle English)\nEnglish: lead\nScots: leid, lede\nYola: leed",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: lēad\nMiddle English: led, lead, lede, leed, leod, leyd, leyt, læd (Early Middle English)\nEnglish: lead\nScots: leid, lede\nYola: leed"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "lād"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: lād",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: lād"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "lud",
"3": "luad"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian: lud, luad",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "North Frisian: lud, luad"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Lood"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Lood",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Lood"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "lead"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: lead",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: lead"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "lōd"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: lōd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: lōd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "lôt"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: lôt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: lôt"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Lood"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Lood",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Lood"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "lod",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: lod",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: lod"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "lodd",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian: lodd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian: lodd"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*lōt"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *lōt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *lōt"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "lôot"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: lôot",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: lôot"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "lood"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: lood",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: lood"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*lōt"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *lōt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *lōt"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "lōt"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: lōt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: lōt"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Lot"
},
"expansion": "German: Lot",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Lot"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "lut",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: lut",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: lut"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "łut",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: łut",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: łut"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*loudon",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "borrowed from Gaulish *loudon",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*ɸloudom",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly borrowed from Gaulish *loudon, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). Related to *blīwī (“lead”), via a different borrowing route.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Neuter a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "laud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "laudu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "laud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "laudu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "laudas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "laudō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "laudē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "laudum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "laudu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "laudum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "*laud n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/laud",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "laudijan"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lead (metal)"
],
"id": "en-laud-gmw-pro-noun-70rQOrHU",
"links": [
[
"lead",
"lead"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*blīwī"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "laud"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "laudijan"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "lēad"
},
"expansion": "Old English: lēad\nMiddle English: led, lead, lede, leed, leod, leyd, leyt, læd (Early Middle English)\nEnglish: lead\nScots: leid, lede\nYola: leed",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: lēad\nMiddle English: led, lead, lede, leed, leod, leyd, leyt, læd (Early Middle English)\nEnglish: lead\nScots: leid, lede\nYola: leed"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "lād"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: lād",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: lād"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "lud",
"3": "luad"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian: lud, luad",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "North Frisian: lud, luad"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Lood"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Lood",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Lood"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "lead"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: lead",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: lead"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "lōd"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: lōd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: lōd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "lôt"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: lôt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: lôt"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Lood"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Lood",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Lood"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "lod",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: lod",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: lod"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "lodd",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian: lodd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian: lodd"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*lōt"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *lōt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *lōt"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "lôot"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: lôot",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: lôot"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "lood"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: lood",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: lood"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*lōt"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *lōt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *lōt"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "lōt"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: lōt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: lōt"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Lot"
},
"expansion": "German: Lot",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Lot"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "lut",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: lut",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: lut"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "łut",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: łut",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: łut"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "*loudon",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "borrowed from Gaulish *loudon",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*ɸloudom",
"t": "lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly borrowed from Gaulish *loudon, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). Related to *blīwī (“lead”), via a different borrowing route.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Neuter a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "laud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "laudu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "laud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "laudu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "laudas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "laudō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "laudē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "laudum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "laudu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "laudum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "*laud n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/laud",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic neuter a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic neuter nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms borrowed from Gaulish",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Gaulish",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"gmw-pro:Lead"
],
"glosses": [
"lead (metal)"
],
"links": [
[
"lead",
"lead"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*blīwī"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "laud"
}
Download raw JSONL data for laud meaning in Proto-West Germanic (5.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (9e2b7d3 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.