See karm(i) in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ċierm"
},
"expansion": "Old English: ċierm",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ċearm",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "ċearm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: ċierm (< *karmi); ċearm (< *karm)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "chirm"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: chirm, charme, cherme, chirme (Late Middle English)\nEnglish: chirm, churm; charm, jarm\nScots: chirm, churme",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: chirm, charme, cherme, chirme (Late Middle English)\nEnglish: chirm, churm; charm, jarm\nScots: chirm, churme"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "karm"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: karm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: karm (< *karm)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*kermi"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *kermi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *kermi (< *karmi)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "kerme",
"g1": "f"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: kerme f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: kerme f"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵeh₂r-",
"t": "to call, cry, shout"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, cry, shout”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*garsman",
"3": "*garman",
"4": "call, cry, shout; summoning",
"pos": "n"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *garman (“call, cry, shout; summoning”, noun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "gairm"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish gairm",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "garm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh garm",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From pre-Germanic *ǵ(h₂)or-m-(i-), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, cry, shout”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *garman (“call, cry, shout; summoning”, noun) (Old Irish gairm, Middle Welsh garm), which rather reflects *ǵh₂r̥-(s)mn̥.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "karm",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "i",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "karm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "i-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "karmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*karm(i) m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "karm",
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "karmi",
"j": "ij"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-i"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/karm(i)",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "54 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"english": "from the a-stem noun",
"sense": "Proto-West Germanic",
"word": "karmōn"
},
{
"_dis1": "59 41",
"english": "perhaps from the i-stem noun",
"sense": "Proto-West Germanic",
"word": "karmijan"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cry, call, shout; lament"
],
"id": "en-karm(i)-gmw-pro-noun-mjvjKS1Y",
"links": [
[
"cry",
"cry"
],
[
"call",
"call"
],
[
"shout",
"shout"
],
[
"lament",
"lament"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "54 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"noise, sound; alarm"
],
"id": "en-karm(i)-gmw-pro-noun-rcoiuWK~",
"links": [
[
"noise",
"noise"
],
[
"sound",
"sound"
],
[
"alarm",
"alarm"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
],
"word": "karm(i)"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic i-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "from the a-stem noun",
"sense": "Proto-West Germanic",
"word": "karmōn"
},
{
"english": "perhaps from the i-stem noun",
"sense": "Proto-West Germanic",
"word": "karmijan"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ċierm"
},
"expansion": "Old English: ċierm",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ċearm",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "ċearm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: ċierm (< *karmi); ċearm (< *karm)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "chirm"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: chirm, charme, cherme, chirme (Late Middle English)\nEnglish: chirm, churm; charm, jarm\nScots: chirm, churme",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: chirm, charme, cherme, chirme (Late Middle English)\nEnglish: chirm, churm; charm, jarm\nScots: chirm, churme"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "karm"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: karm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: karm (< *karm)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*kermi"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *kermi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *kermi (< *karmi)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "kerme",
"g1": "f"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: kerme f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: kerme f"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵeh₂r-",
"t": "to call, cry, shout"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, cry, shout”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*garsman",
"3": "*garman",
"4": "call, cry, shout; summoning",
"pos": "n"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *garman (“call, cry, shout; summoning”, noun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "gairm"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish gairm",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "garm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh garm",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From pre-Germanic *ǵ(h₂)or-m-(i-), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, cry, shout”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *garman (“call, cry, shout; summoning”, noun) (Old Irish gairm, Middle Welsh garm), which rather reflects *ǵh₂r̥-(s)mn̥.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "karm",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "i",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "karm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "i-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "karmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karmim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karmijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*karm(i) m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "karm",
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "karmi",
"j": "ij"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-i"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/karm(i)",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Vocalizations"
],
"glosses": [
"cry, call, shout; lament"
],
"links": [
[
"cry",
"cry"
],
[
"call",
"call"
],
[
"shout",
"shout"
],
[
"lament",
"lament"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Sounds"
],
"glosses": [
"noise, sound; alarm"
],
"links": [
[
"noise",
"noise"
],
[
"sound",
"sound"
],
[
"alarm",
"alarm"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
],
"word": "karm(i)"
}
Download raw JSONL data for karm(i) meaning in Proto-West Germanic (5.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-05-19 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-01 using wiktextract (c3cc510 and 1d3fdbf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.