See fūlēn in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fūlian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: fūlian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: fūlian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "foulen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: foulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: foulen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "foul"
},
"expansion": "English: foul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: foul"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*fūlōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *fūlōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *fūlōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "vûlen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: vûlen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: vûlen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "fulen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: fulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: fulen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*fūlon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *fūlon\nMiddle Dutch: vulen\nDutch: vuilen\nLimburgish: voele",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *fūlon\nMiddle Dutch: vulen\nDutch: vuilen\nLimburgish: voele"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "fūlēn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: fūlēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: fūlēn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "vūlen",
"3": "viulen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: vūlen, viulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: vūlen, viulen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "faulen"
},
"expansion": "German: faulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: faulen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "פֿױלן"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish: פֿױלן (foyln)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yiddish: פֿױלן (foyln)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*fūl",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "foul"
},
"expansion": "*fūl (“foul”) + *-ēn",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *fūl (“foul”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*fūlēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/fūlēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become foul; rot; decay"
],
"id": "en-fūlēn-gmw-pro-verb-aEcXke4U",
"links": [
[
"foul",
"foul"
],
[
"rot",
"rot"
],
[
"decay",
"decay"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become foul; rot; decay"
],
"related": [
{
"word": "fūlijan"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "fūlēn"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fūlian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: fūlian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: fūlian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "foulen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: foulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: foulen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "foul"
},
"expansion": "English: foul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: foul"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*fūlōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *fūlōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *fūlōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "vûlen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: vûlen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: vûlen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "fulen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: fulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: fulen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*fūlon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *fūlon\nMiddle Dutch: vulen\nDutch: vuilen\nLimburgish: voele",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *fūlon\nMiddle Dutch: vulen\nDutch: vuilen\nLimburgish: voele"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "fūlēn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: fūlēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: fūlēn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "vūlen",
"3": "viulen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: vūlen, viulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: vūlen, viulen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "faulen"
},
"expansion": "German: faulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: faulen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "פֿױלן"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish: פֿױלן (foyln)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yiddish: פֿױלן (foyln)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*fūl",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "foul"
},
"expansion": "*fūl (“foul”) + *-ēn",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *fūl (“foul”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*fūlēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/fūlēn",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "fūlijan"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 3 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic intransitive verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to become foul; rot; decay"
],
"links": [
[
"foul",
"foul"
],
[
"rot",
"rot"
],
[
"decay",
"decay"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become foul; rot; decay"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "fūlēn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for fūlēn meaning in Proto-West Germanic (5.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (db0bec0 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.