-u in Proto-West Germanic

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Etymology: From Proto-Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂. Etymology templates: {{etymon|gmw-pro|inh|gem-pro>*-ō>noun suffix|id=noun suffix|pos=suffix}}, {{inh|gmw-pro|gem-pro|*-ō}} Proto-Germanic *-ō, {{inh|gmw-pro|ine-pro|*-os|*-eh₂}} Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ Head templates: {{head|gmw-pro|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|g=f}} *-u f Inflection templates: {{gmw-infl-noun-o}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], -u [nominative, singular], -ō [nominative, plural], -ā [accusative, singular], -ā [accusative, plural], -ā [genitive, singular], -ō [genitive, plural], -ē [dative, singular], -ōm [dative, plural], -um [dative, plural], -u [instrumental, singular], -ōm [instrumental, plural], -um [instrumental, plural]

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{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "inh",
        "3": "gem-pro>*-ō>noun suffix",
        "id": "noun suffix",
        "pos": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-ō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ō",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-os",
        "4": "*-eh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gmw-infl-noun-o",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ō-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-um",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-um",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "*-u f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gmw-infl-noun-o"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-u",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using catfix",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-West Germanic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
          "parents": [
            "Entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Forms nouns from verbs denoting the performance or result of that verb."
      ],
      "id": "en--u-gmw-pro-suffix-vlPlg2sR",
      "links": [
        [
          "nouns",
          "nouns#English"
        ],
        [
          "verbs",
          "verbs#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}

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{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "inh",
        "3": "gem-pro>*-ō>noun suffix",
        "id": "noun suffix",
        "pos": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-ō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ō",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-os",
        "4": "*-eh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gmw-infl-noun-o",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ō-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-um",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-um",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "*-u f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gmw-infl-noun-o"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-u",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages using catfix",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-West Germanic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
        "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-West Germanic feminine suffixes",
        "Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
        "Proto-West Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
        "Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-West Germanic ō-stem nouns"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Forms nouns from verbs denoting the performance or result of that verb."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "nouns",
          "nouns#English"
        ],
        [
          "verbs",
          "verbs#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (7c21d10 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"-u" meaning in Proto-West Germanic

Suffix