See kvasъ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "квасъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: квасъ (kvasŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: квасъ (kvasŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "квас"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: квас (kvas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: квас (kvas)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "квас"
},
"expansion": "Russian: квас (kvas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: квас (kvas)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "квас"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: квас (kvas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: квас (kvas)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: квасъ (kvasŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: ⰽⰲⰰⱄⱏ (kvasŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "квас"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: квас (kvas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: квас (kvas)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "квас"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: квас (kvas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: квас (kvas)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ква̑с",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ква̑с",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ква̑с"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "kvȃs",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: kvȃs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: kvȃs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "kvȃs",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: kvȃs",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kvȃs"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: kvȃs (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: kvȃs (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "kvas"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: kvas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: kvas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kvas"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kvas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kvas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "Mistřice"
},
"expansion": "(Mistřice)",
"name": "a"
}
],
"text": "Moravian (Mistřice): kvas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "kos"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: kos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: kos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "kwas"
},
"expansion": "Polish: kwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: kwas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "kvas"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: kvas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: kvas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "kwas"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: kwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: kwas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "kwas"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: kwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: kwas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "kwas"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: kwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: kwas"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kwh₂et-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kwh₂et-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cāseus",
"3": "",
"4": "cheese"
},
"expansion": "Latin cāseus (“cheese”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्वथ्",
"3": "",
"4": "to boil"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit क्वथ् (kvath, “to boil”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *kwh₂et-. Cognate with Latin cāseus (“cheese”), Sanskrit क्वथ् (kvath, “to boil”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kvȃsъ",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "c",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kvãsъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasomà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasòmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsъmь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsomь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasomà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasý",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasě̃xъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvase",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kvȃsъ",
"ap": "c"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kvasъ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm c",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvasidlo"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvasivo"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvasivъ"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvaša"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvašenina"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvašenьje"
},
{
"word": "kvasina"
},
{
"word": "kvasьcь"
},
{
"english": "leaven",
"sense": "*kvasъkъ",
"word": "kvasъka"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasьnъ",
"word": "kvasьna"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasьnъ",
"word": "kvasьnica"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasьnъ",
"word": "kvasьnikъ"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasьnъ",
"word": "kvasьnina"
}
],
"glosses": [
"leaven, fermented drink"
],
"id": "en-kvasъ-sla-pro-noun-QSWrX13Z",
"links": [
[
"leaven",
"leaven"
],
[
"fermented",
"fermented"
],
[
"drink",
"drink"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "kvasati"
},
{
"english": "to turn sour",
"word": "kysati"
},
{
"english": "sour",
"word": "kyselъ"
},
{
"english": "sour",
"word": "kysělъ"
},
{
"english": "to become/turn sour",
"word": "kysěti"
},
{
"english": "caviar, spawn",
"word": "kъsenь"
},
{
"english": "slow",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "kъsьnъ"
},
{
"word": "kysiti"
},
{
"word": "kysnǫti"
},
{
"english": "sour",
"word": "kyslъ"
},
{
"english": "intestine, stomach",
"word": "kyša"
},
{
"word": "kyšati"
},
{
"word": "kyšenь"
},
{
"english": "intestine, stomach",
"word": "kyšьka"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "kvasъ"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvasidlo"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvasivo"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvasivъ"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvaša"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvašenina"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasiti (“to sot, to ferment”)",
"word": "kvašenьje"
},
{
"word": "kvasina"
},
{
"english": "leaven",
"sense": "*kvasъkъ",
"word": "kvasъka"
},
{
"word": "kvasьcь"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasьnъ",
"word": "kvasьna"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasьnъ",
"word": "kvasьnica"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasьnъ",
"word": "kvasьnikъ"
},
{
"sense": "*kvasьnъ",
"word": "kvasьnina"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "квасъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: квасъ (kvasŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: квасъ (kvasŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "квас"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: квас (kvas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: квас (kvas)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "квас"
},
"expansion": "Russian: квас (kvas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: квас (kvas)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "квас"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: квас (kvas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: квас (kvas)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: квасъ (kvasŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: ⰽⰲⰰⱄⱏ (kvasŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "квас"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: квас (kvas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: квас (kvas)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "квас"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: квас (kvas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: квас (kvas)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ква̑с",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ква̑с",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ква̑с"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "kvȃs",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: kvȃs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: kvȃs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "kvȃs",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: kvȃs",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kvȃs"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: kvȃs (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: kvȃs (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "kvas"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: kvas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: kvas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kvas"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kvas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kvas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "Mistřice"
},
"expansion": "(Mistřice)",
"name": "a"
}
],
"text": "Moravian (Mistřice): kvas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "kos"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: kos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: kos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "kwas"
},
"expansion": "Polish: kwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: kwas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "kvas"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: kvas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: kvas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "kwas"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: kwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: kwas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "kwas"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: kwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: kwas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "kwas"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: kwas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: kwas"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kwh₂et-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kwh₂et-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cāseus",
"3": "",
"4": "cheese"
},
"expansion": "Latin cāseus (“cheese”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्वथ्",
"3": "",
"4": "to boil"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit क्वथ् (kvath, “to boil”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *kwh₂et-. Cognate with Latin cāseus (“cheese”), Sanskrit क्वथ् (kvath, “to boil”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kvȃsъ",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "c",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kvãsъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasomà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasòmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsъmь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsomь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasomà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasý",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "kvasě̃xъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kvase",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kvȃsi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kvȃsъ",
"ap": "c"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kvasъ",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "kvasati"
},
{
"english": "to turn sour",
"word": "kysati"
},
{
"english": "sour",
"word": "kyselъ"
},
{
"english": "sour",
"word": "kysělъ"
},
{
"english": "to become/turn sour",
"word": "kysěti"
},
{
"english": "caviar, spawn",
"word": "kъsenь"
},
{
"english": "slow",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "kъsьnъ"
},
{
"word": "kysiti"
},
{
"word": "kysnǫti"
},
{
"english": "sour",
"word": "kyslъ"
},
{
"english": "intestine, stomach",
"word": "kyša"
},
{
"word": "kyšati"
},
{
"word": "kyšenь"
},
{
"english": "intestine, stomach",
"word": "kyšьka"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic hard masculine o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm c",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"leaven, fermented drink"
],
"links": [
[
"leaven",
"leaven"
],
[
"fermented",
"fermented"
],
[
"drink",
"drink"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "kvasъ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kvasъ meaning in Proto-Slavic (8.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.