See kalъ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for kalъ meaning in Proto-Slavic (6.6kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "кал"
},
"expansion": "Russian: кал (kal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: кал (kal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "кал"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: кал (kal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: кал (kal)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: калъ (kalŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: [Term?]"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "кал"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: кал (kal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: кал (kal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "кал"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: кал (kal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: кал (kal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ка̑л",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ка̑л",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ка̑л"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "kȃl",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: kȃl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: kȃl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "kȃl"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: kȃl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: kȃl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kal"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "kôł"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: kôł",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: kôł"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "kał"
},
"expansion": "Polish: kał",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: kał"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "kal"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: kal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: kal"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πηλός",
"t": "clay, mud, bog"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πηλός (pēlós, “clay, mud, bog”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "qsb-grc",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Pre-Greek",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "squālus",
"t": "dirty, unkempt"
},
"expansion": "Latin squālus (“dirty, unkempt”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "काल",
"t": "black, very dark blue"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit काल (kāla, “black, very dark blue”)",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. No reliable non-Slavic cognates have been identified to date (including in Baltic languages, which is surprising considering some archaic features of the word).\nSemantically close Ancient Greek πηλός (pēlós, “clay, mud, bog”) (also Doric πᾱλός (pālós), which could indicate possible derivation from *kʷālos) is unexplained as well, since derivation from a common IE **kʷeh₂los is prevented by accentuation (Hirt's law). Beekes suspected it to be a Pre-Greek (non-IE substrate) borrowing.\nSomething similar is Latin squālus (“dirty, unkempt”): there's no etymology, sematics seems to be close and according to de Vaan, sequence \"squ-\" indicates it isn't an inherited word. However, the root may be derived to squālor (“filth, roughness of the surface”) and squāma (“scale”) even though those lack an etymology as well.\nSanskrit काल (kāla, “black, very dark blue”) is either a Dravidian borrowing or a late development, thus unrelated.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kȃlъ",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "c",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kãlъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalomà",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kalòmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlъmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlomь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalomà",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "kalý",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalě̃xъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kale",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"ap": "c",
"stem": "o"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kalъ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm c",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
"parents": [
"Quotations with omitted translation",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "kaliti"
},
{
"word": "kalina"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dirt"
],
"id": "en-kalъ-sla-pro-noun-w4OKglZp",
"links": [
[
"dirt",
"dirt"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "kalъ"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "kaliti"
},
{
"word": "kalina"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "кал"
},
"expansion": "Russian: кал (kal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: кал (kal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "кал"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: кал (kal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: кал (kal)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: калъ (kalŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: [Term?]"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "кал"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: кал (kal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: кал (kal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "кал"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: кал (kal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: кал (kal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ка̑л",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ка̑л",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ка̑л"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "kȃl",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: kȃl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: kȃl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "kȃl"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: kȃl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: kȃl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kal"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "kôł"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: kôł",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: kôł"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "kał"
},
"expansion": "Polish: kał",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: kał"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "kal"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: kal",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: kal"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πηλός",
"t": "clay, mud, bog"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πηλός (pēlós, “clay, mud, bog”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "qsb-grc",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Pre-Greek",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "squālus",
"t": "dirty, unkempt"
},
"expansion": "Latin squālus (“dirty, unkempt”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "काल",
"t": "black, very dark blue"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit काल (kāla, “black, very dark blue”)",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. No reliable non-Slavic cognates have been identified to date (including in Baltic languages, which is surprising considering some archaic features of the word).\nSemantically close Ancient Greek πηλός (pēlós, “clay, mud, bog”) (also Doric πᾱλός (pālós), which could indicate possible derivation from *kʷālos) is unexplained as well, since derivation from a common IE **kʷeh₂los is prevented by accentuation (Hirt's law). Beekes suspected it to be a Pre-Greek (non-IE substrate) borrowing.\nSomething similar is Latin squālus (“dirty, unkempt”): there's no etymology, sematics seems to be close and according to de Vaan, sequence \"squ-\" indicates it isn't an inherited word. However, the root may be derived to squālor (“filth, roughness of the surface”) and squāma (“scale”) even though those lack an etymology as well.\nSanskrit काल (kāla, “black, very dark blue”) is either a Dravidian borrowing or a late development, thus unrelated.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kȃlъ",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "c",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kãlъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalomà",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kalòmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlъmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlomь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalomà",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "kalý",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalě̃xъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kale",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kȃli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"ap": "c",
"stem": "o"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kalъ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic hard masculine o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm c",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
"Undetermined terms with quotations"
],
"glosses": [
"dirt"
],
"links": [
[
"dirt",
"dirt"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "kalъ"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.