See kaliti in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for kaliti meaning in Proto-Slavic (6.4kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ка́лити",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ка́лити",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ка́лити"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "káliti",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: káliti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: káliti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "kalíti"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: kalíti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: kalíti"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kaliti"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kaliti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kaliti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "kalëc"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: kalëc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: kalëc"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "kalić",
"qq": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "Polish: kalić (obsolete)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: kalić (obsolete)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "kaliť"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: kaliť",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: kaliť"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*kalъ",
"3": "*-iti",
"t1": "mud, dirt"
},
"expansion": "*kalъ (“mud, dirt”) + *-iti",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *kalъ (“mud, dirt”) + *-iti.",
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kaliti",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-iti",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "kaľati"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to soil, muddle (e. g. water)"
],
"id": "en-kaliti-sla-pro-verb-6MYf115u",
"links": [
[
"soil",
"soil"
],
[
"muddle",
"muddle"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "kaliti"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "кали́ть",
"t": "to heat, roast"
},
"expansion": "Russian: кали́ть (kalítʹ, “to heat, roast”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: кали́ть (kalítʹ, “to heat, roast”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "кали́ти"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: кали́ти (kalýty)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: кали́ти (kalýty)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "каля́",
"t": "to temper, case-harden"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: каля́ (kaljá, “to temper, case-harden”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: каля́ (kaljá, “to temper, case-harden”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ка́лити",
"sclb": "1",
"t": "to temper, case-harden"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ка́лити (“to temper, case-harden”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ка́лити (“to temper, case-harden”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "káliti",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: káliti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: káliti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "kalíti",
"t": "to temper, case-harden"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: kalíti (“to temper, case-harden”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: kalíti (“to temper, case-harden”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kalit",
"t": "to temper, case-harden"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kalit (“to temper, case-harden”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kalit (“to temper, case-harden”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "kaliť",
"t": "to temper, case-harden"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: kaliť (“to temper, case-harden”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: kaliť (“to temper, case-harden”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "callus",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Latin callus (“hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "Caleti"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish Caleti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "calad"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish calad",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "caled"
},
"expansion": "Welsh caled",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*keHl-/*kHl-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *keHl-/*kHl-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*kaletos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kaletos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kàlstu"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kàlstu",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain.\nAccording to one hypothesis, cognate with Latin callus (“hard”) and a group of Celtic words with senses like 'hard, strong, cruel', e. g. Gaulish Caleti, Old Irish calad, Welsh caled etc. Thus possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *keHl-/*kHl-.\nAccording to Trubachev, a Slavic semantical development in the Iron Age from *kaliti I, explained by clay (which was used in the tempering process) muddling the water in which the metal ware was tempered. In such a case the aforementioned Celtic words may have developed from *ḱlH-eto (“cold”), see Proto-Celtic *kaletos, as proposed by Joseph (leaving callus without an etymology).\nRelation to Latvian kàlstu, kàlst (“to dry up, solidify”) is unclear.",
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kaliti",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to temper"
],
"id": "en-kaliti-sla-pro-verb-HNbtQurv",
"links": [
[
"temper",
"temper"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 35 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to case-harden"
],
"id": "en-kaliti-sla-pro-verb-A1YfTzbM",
"links": [
[
"case-harden",
"case-harden"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "kaliti"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-iti",
"Proto-Slavic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-Slavic verbs"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "kaľati"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ка́лити",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ка́лити",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ка́лити"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "káliti",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: káliti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: káliti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "kalíti"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: kalíti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: kalíti"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kaliti"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kaliti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kaliti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "kalëc"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: kalëc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: kalëc"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "kalić",
"qq": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "Polish: kalić (obsolete)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: kalić (obsolete)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "kaliť"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: kaliť",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: kaliť"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*kalъ",
"3": "*-iti",
"t1": "mud, dirt"
},
"expansion": "*kalъ (“mud, dirt”) + *-iti",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *kalъ (“mud, dirt”) + *-iti.",
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kaliti",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to soil, muddle (e. g. water)"
],
"links": [
[
"soil",
"soil"
],
[
"muddle",
"muddle"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "kaliti"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-Slavic verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "кали́ть",
"t": "to heat, roast"
},
"expansion": "Russian: кали́ть (kalítʹ, “to heat, roast”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: кали́ть (kalítʹ, “to heat, roast”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "кали́ти"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: кали́ти (kalýty)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: кали́ти (kalýty)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "каля́",
"t": "to temper, case-harden"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: каля́ (kaljá, “to temper, case-harden”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: каля́ (kaljá, “to temper, case-harden”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ка́лити",
"sclb": "1",
"t": "to temper, case-harden"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ка́лити (“to temper, case-harden”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ка́лити (“to temper, case-harden”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "káliti",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: káliti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: káliti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "kalíti",
"t": "to temper, case-harden"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: kalíti (“to temper, case-harden”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: kalíti (“to temper, case-harden”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kalit",
"t": "to temper, case-harden"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kalit (“to temper, case-harden”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kalit (“to temper, case-harden”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "kaliť",
"t": "to temper, case-harden"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: kaliť (“to temper, case-harden”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: kaliť (“to temper, case-harden”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "callus",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Latin callus (“hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "Caleti"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish Caleti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "calad"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish calad",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "caled"
},
"expansion": "Welsh caled",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*keHl-/*kHl-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *keHl-/*kHl-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*kaletos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kaletos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kàlstu"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kàlstu",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain.\nAccording to one hypothesis, cognate with Latin callus (“hard”) and a group of Celtic words with senses like 'hard, strong, cruel', e. g. Gaulish Caleti, Old Irish calad, Welsh caled etc. Thus possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *keHl-/*kHl-.\nAccording to Trubachev, a Slavic semantical development in the Iron Age from *kaliti I, explained by clay (which was used in the tempering process) muddling the water in which the metal ware was tempered. In such a case the aforementioned Celtic words may have developed from *ḱlH-eto (“cold”), see Proto-Celtic *kaletos, as proposed by Joseph (leaving callus without an etymology).\nRelation to Latvian kàlstu, kàlst (“to dry up, solidify”) is unclear.",
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kaliti",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to temper"
],
"links": [
[
"temper",
"temper"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to case-harden"
],
"links": [
[
"case-harden",
"case-harden"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "kaliti"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.