See borna in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "борона"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: борона (borona)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: борона (borona)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "барана́"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: барана́ (baraná)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: барана́ (baraná)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "борона́"
},
"expansion": "Russian: борона́ (boroná)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: борона́ (boroná)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "боро́нка",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Russian: боро́нка (borónka)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Russian: боро́нка (borónka) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ouk",
"2": "борона",
"alt": "борона́"
},
"expansion": "Old Ukrainian: борона́ (boroná)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ukrainian: борона́ (boroná)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rue",
"2": "борона́"
},
"expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: борона́ (boroná)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Carpathian Rusyn: борона́ (boroná)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "боро́на",
"3": "борона́"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: боро́на (boróna), борона́ (boroná)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: боро́на (boróna), борона́ (boroná)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "бра́на"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: бра́на (brána)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: бра́на (brána); брана́ (braná) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "брана"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: брана (brana)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: брана (brana)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "бра́на",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: бра́на",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: бра́на; бра̑на (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "brána",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: brána",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: brána; brȃna (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "brána"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: brána",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: brána"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "brána"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: brána",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: brána"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "brána",
"3": "brány",
"g2": "p"
},
"expansion": "Czech: brána, brány pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: brána, brány pl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "brama",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: brama",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: brama"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "бра́ма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Belarusian: бра́ма (bráma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Belarusian: бра́ма (bráma)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "бра́ма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ukrainian: бра́ма (bráma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ukrainian: бра́ма (bráma)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "bornă"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: bornă",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: bornă"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "brona"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: brona",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: brona"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "brona"
},
"expansion": "Polish: brona",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: brona"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "brána",
"3": "brány",
"g2": "p"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: brána, brány pl",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: brána, brány pl; brani pl (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pomeranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "barna",
"3": "bróna"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: barna, bróna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: barna, bróna"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "borna"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: borna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: borna"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "brona"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: brona",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: brona"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "bróna"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: bróna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: bróna"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "borona",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hungarian: borona",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hungarian: borona"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerH-",
"id": "pierce"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰorh₃neh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰorh₃neh₂",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "forō",
"3": "",
"4": "to bore, pierce"
},
"expansion": "Latin forō (“to bore, pierce”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bora",
"3": "",
"4": "to bore, drill"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse bora (“to bore, drill”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "φάρω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek φάρω (phárō)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "feriō",
"3": "",
"4": "to hit, strike"
},
"expansion": "Latin feriō (“to hit, strike”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "berja",
"3": "",
"4": "to beat, hit"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse berja (“to beat, hit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "bránice",
"3": "",
"4": "membrane, diaphragm"
},
"expansion": "Czech bránice (“membrane, diaphragm”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "branica",
"3": "",
"4": "membrane"
},
"expansion": "Slovak branica (“membrane”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "brána"
},
"expansion": "Slovene brána",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "ESSJa treats it as as a single headword, Derksen as two (separating meanings \"harrow\" and \"guarded entrance, barrier\"), and Sławski as three (\"harrow\", \"defended/defending object\" and \"membrane\").\nThe meaning \"harrow\" is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorh₃neh₂, o-grade derivation from *bʰerh₃- (“to hit with a sharp instrument”). Cognates include Latin forō (“to bore, pierce”), Old Norse bora (“to bore, drill”) and Ancient Greek φάρω (phárō), φάρος (pháros). From the same root also Common Slavic *bьrdo (“weaving comb, reed”), *boriti sę (“to fight”), and *borzda (“furrow”).\nSławski derives the set of meanings \"protection, guard, defense; object of protecting, defending, gate, dam, barrier, fortification\" as an action noun of the verb *borniti (“to guard, protect, defend”). Derksen legitimizes separate treatment due to the semantic difficulties of connecting Common Slavic *borti (“to fight, conquer”) as well as other Indo-European cognates (Latin feriō (“to hit, strike”), Old Norse berja (“to beat, hit”)) with the root *bʰerh₃- (“to hit with a sharp instrument”).\nThe third separate meaning \"membrane\" (on the basis of Czech bránice (“membrane, diaphragm”), Slovak branica (“membrane”) and Slovene brána, bránica (“membrane”) is with uncertainty reconstructed by Sławski, with various explanations of origin.\nNote that Ukrainian distinguishes борона́ (boroná, “harrow”) from боро́на (boróna, “defense”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bōrnà",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bornà",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "b",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnà",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnỳ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnỳ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrnъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrně̀",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnǫ̀",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnỳ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnòjǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrnǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàmī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrně̀",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàsъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "borno",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnỳ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "c",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "bornà",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "borný",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bornù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrnъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "borně̀",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrnǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bornojǫ́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàmi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bornù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàsъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "borno",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōrnà",
"ap": "b"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bornà",
"ap": "c"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/borna",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "standoff, battle",
"word": "bornь"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "prohibition",
"word": "zaborna"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "interdict, veto",
"word": "vъzborna"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 39 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 35 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 35 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm c",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harrow"
],
"id": "en-borna-sla-pro-noun-M1zZPT73",
"links": [
[
"harrow",
"harrow"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 57 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 39 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 35 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 35 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm c",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"guarded entrance, protection, barrier, defense"
],
"id": "en-borna-sla-pro-noun-Ds~fc9GP",
"links": [
[
"guard",
"guard"
],
[
"entrance",
"entrance"
],
[
"protection",
"protection"
],
[
"barrier",
"barrier"
],
[
"defense",
"defense"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 4 4 2 8 7 9 26 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 39 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 35 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 35 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm c",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the object being defended/restrained or defending/restraining, especially fortified gate, dam, dike etc."
],
"id": "en-borna-sla-pro-noun-p6W4YEmK",
"links": [
[
"defended",
"defended"
],
[
"restrain",
"restrain"
],
[
"gate",
"gate"
],
[
"dam",
"dam"
],
[
"dike",
"dike"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) the object being defended/restrained or defending/restraining, especially fortified gate, dam, dike etc."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "borna"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm c",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerH- (pierce)"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "борона"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: борона (borona)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: борона (borona)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "барана́"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: барана́ (baraná)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: барана́ (baraná)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "борона́"
},
"expansion": "Russian: борона́ (boroná)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: борона́ (boroná)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "боро́нка",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Russian: боро́нка (borónka)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Russian: боро́нка (borónka) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ouk",
"2": "борона",
"alt": "борона́"
},
"expansion": "Old Ukrainian: борона́ (boroná)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ukrainian: борона́ (boroná)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rue",
"2": "борона́"
},
"expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: борона́ (boroná)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Carpathian Rusyn: борона́ (boroná)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "боро́на",
"3": "борона́"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: боро́на (boróna), борона́ (boroná)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: боро́на (boróna), борона́ (boroná)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "бра́на"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: бра́на (brána)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: бра́на (brána); брана́ (braná) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "брана"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: брана (brana)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: брана (brana)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "бра́на",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: бра́на",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: бра́на; бра̑на (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "brána",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: brána",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: brána; brȃna (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "brána"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: brána",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: brána"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "brána"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: brána",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: brána"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "brána",
"3": "brány",
"g2": "p"
},
"expansion": "Czech: brána, brány pl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: brána, brány pl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "brama",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: brama",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: brama"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "бра́ма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Belarusian: бра́ма (bráma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Belarusian: бра́ма (bráma)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "бра́ма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ukrainian: бра́ма (bráma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ukrainian: бра́ма (bráma)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "bornă"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: bornă",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: bornă"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "brona"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: brona",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: brona"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "brona"
},
"expansion": "Polish: brona",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: brona"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "brána",
"3": "brány",
"g2": "p"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: brána, brány pl",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: brána, brány pl; brani pl (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pomeranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "barna",
"3": "bróna"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: barna, bróna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: barna, bróna"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "borna"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: borna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: borna"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "brona"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: brona",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: brona"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "bróna"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: bróna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: bróna"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "borona",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hungarian: borona",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hungarian: borona"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerH-",
"id": "pierce"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰorh₃neh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰorh₃neh₂",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "forō",
"3": "",
"4": "to bore, pierce"
},
"expansion": "Latin forō (“to bore, pierce”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bora",
"3": "",
"4": "to bore, drill"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse bora (“to bore, drill”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "φάρω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek φάρω (phárō)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "feriō",
"3": "",
"4": "to hit, strike"
},
"expansion": "Latin feriō (“to hit, strike”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "berja",
"3": "",
"4": "to beat, hit"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse berja (“to beat, hit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "bránice",
"3": "",
"4": "membrane, diaphragm"
},
"expansion": "Czech bránice (“membrane, diaphragm”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "branica",
"3": "",
"4": "membrane"
},
"expansion": "Slovak branica (“membrane”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "brána"
},
"expansion": "Slovene brána",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "ESSJa treats it as as a single headword, Derksen as two (separating meanings \"harrow\" and \"guarded entrance, barrier\"), and Sławski as three (\"harrow\", \"defended/defending object\" and \"membrane\").\nThe meaning \"harrow\" is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorh₃neh₂, o-grade derivation from *bʰerh₃- (“to hit with a sharp instrument”). Cognates include Latin forō (“to bore, pierce”), Old Norse bora (“to bore, drill”) and Ancient Greek φάρω (phárō), φάρος (pháros). From the same root also Common Slavic *bьrdo (“weaving comb, reed”), *boriti sę (“to fight”), and *borzda (“furrow”).\nSławski derives the set of meanings \"protection, guard, defense; object of protecting, defending, gate, dam, barrier, fortification\" as an action noun of the verb *borniti (“to guard, protect, defend”). Derksen legitimizes separate treatment due to the semantic difficulties of connecting Common Slavic *borti (“to fight, conquer”) as well as other Indo-European cognates (Latin feriō (“to hit, strike”), Old Norse berja (“to beat, hit”)) with the root *bʰerh₃- (“to hit with a sharp instrument”).\nThe third separate meaning \"membrane\" (on the basis of Czech bránice (“membrane, diaphragm”), Slovak branica (“membrane”) and Slovene brána, bránica (“membrane”) is with uncertainty reconstructed by Sławski, with various explanations of origin.\nNote that Ukrainian distinguishes борона́ (boroná, “harrow”) from боро́на (boróna, “defense”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bōrnà",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bornà",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "b",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnà",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnỳ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnỳ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrnъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrně̀",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnǫ̀",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnỳ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnòjǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrnǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàmī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrně̀",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàsъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnàxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "borno",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōrnỳ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "c",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "bornà",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "borný",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bornù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bõrnъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "borně̀",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrnǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bornojǫ́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàmi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bornù",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàsъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bornàxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "borno",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrně",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bȏrny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōrnà",
"ap": "b"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bornà",
"ap": "c"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/borna",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"english": "standoff, battle",
"word": "bornь"
},
{
"english": "prohibition",
"word": "zaborna"
},
{
"english": "interdict, veto",
"word": "vъzborna"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"sla-pro:Tools"
],
"glosses": [
"harrow"
],
"links": [
[
"harrow",
"harrow"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"guarded entrance, protection, barrier, defense"
],
"links": [
[
"guard",
"guard"
],
[
"entrance",
"entrance"
],
[
"protection",
"protection"
],
[
"barrier",
"barrier"
],
[
"defense",
"defense"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the object being defended/restrained or defending/restraining, especially fortified gate, dam, dike etc."
],
"links": [
[
"defended",
"defended"
],
[
"restrain",
"restrain"
],
[
"gate",
"gate"
],
[
"dam",
"dam"
],
[
"dike",
"dike"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) the object being defended/restrained or defending/restraining, especially fortified gate, dam, dike etc."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "borna"
}
Download raw JSONL data for borna meaning in Proto-Slavic (14.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.