See -a in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-bsl-pro>*-āˀ>feminine suffix",
"id": "feminine suffix"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ f",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian -a",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -a",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ f. Compare Lithuanian -a, Latvian -a.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*-a f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-a",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "bratranъ (“son of brother”) + *-a → *bratrana (“daughter of brother”)"
},
{
"text": "õrbъ (“(male) servant, slave”) + *-a → *ōrbà (“(female) servant, slave”)"
},
{
"text": "aščerъ (“(male) lizard”) + *-a → *aščera (“(female) lizard”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms female equivalents to masculine nouns"
],
"id": "en--a-sla-pro-suffix-7GYBVjYO",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 0 4 1 2 1 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 0 1 2 2 1 2 4 1 1 0 3 1 3 1 1 2 5 0 6 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 5 5 4 2 4 0 2 1 0 1 1 6 4 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 1 3 18 18 15 6 15 3 1 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 23 23 19 9 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"parents": [
"Entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 20 20 17 7 17 5 3 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 19 19 16 6 16 9 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic suffixes with multiple genders",
"parents": [
"Suffixes with multiple genders",
"Suffixes by gender",
"Suffixes",
"Morphemes",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "korìti (“to force humility, submission”) + *-a → *kara (“punishment”)"
},
{
"text": "bornìti (“to defend”) + *-a → *bōrnà /*bornà (“defence; gate”)"
},
{
"text": "trāvìti (“to use, to eat”) + *-a → *trāvà (“fodder; grass”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms abstract nouns (later often concreted) from verbs"
],
"id": "en--a-sla-pro-suffix-KQBWgVae",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 0 4 1 2 1 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 0 1 2 2 1 2 4 1 1 0 3 1 3 1 1 2 5 0 6 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 5 5 4 2 4 0 2 1 0 1 1 6 4 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 1 3 18 18 15 6 15 3 1 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 23 23 19 9 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"parents": [
"Entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 20 20 17 7 17 5 3 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 19 19 16 6 16 9 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic suffixes with multiple genders",
"parents": [
"Suffixes with multiple genders",
"Suffixes by gender",
"Suffixes",
"Morphemes",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros (“true”) + *-a → *vě̀ra (“belief, faith”)"
},
{
"text": "rȗdъ (“red, rufous, russet”) + *-a → *rudà (“ore”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms abstract nouns (later often concreted) from adjectives"
],
"id": "en--a-sla-pro-suffix-kNs~l~Tz",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) forms abstract nouns (later often concreted) from adjectives"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 1 3 18 18 15 6 15 3 1 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 23 23 19 9 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"parents": [
"Entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 20 20 17 7 17 5 3 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 19 19 16 6 16 9 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic suffixes with multiple genders",
"parents": [
"Suffixes with multiple genders",
"Suffixes by gender",
"Suffixes",
"Morphemes",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "gȍspodь (“lord; master; host”) + *-a → *gospoda (“lords; masters; hosts”)"
},
{
"text": "čь̃rvь /*čь̑rvь (“larva”) + *-a → *čьrva (“larvas”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms collective nouns from nouns"
],
"id": "en--a-sla-pro-suffix-4L318f0L",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) forms collective nouns from nouns"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Proto-Indo-European *keh₂w-o-s + *-a → *kava (“jackdaw (Coloeus monedula)”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms nouns denoting animals from interjections"
],
"id": "en--a-sla-pro-suffix-8XZFFRuU",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) forms nouns denoting animals from interjections"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-a"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rue",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Carpathian Rusyn: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-а",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⰰ",
"sc": "Glag",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⰰ (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⰰ (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-а",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: -а",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: -а"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-a",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: -a"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "-a",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: -a",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: -a (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: -a (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Czech: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: -a"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Polish: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "szl",
"2": "-a",
"3": "-ŏ"
},
"expansion": "Silesian: -a, -ŏ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Silesian: -a, -ŏ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-osk",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Old Slovak: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Slovak: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rsk",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Pannonian Rusyn: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pannonian Rusyn: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: -a"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "-ă"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: -ă",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: -ă"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pomeranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: -a"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: -a"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-bsl-pro>*-āˀ>feminine suffix",
"id": "feminine suffix"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ f",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian -a",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -a",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ f. Compare Lithuanian -a, Latvian -a.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-amъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ojǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-ami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-asъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-axъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-o",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-a m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-a",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 1 3 18 18 15 6 15 3 1 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 23 23 19 9 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"parents": [
"Entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 20 20 17 7 17 5 3 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 19 19 16 6 16 9 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic suffixes with multiple genders",
"parents": [
"Suffixes with multiple genders",
"Suffixes by gender",
"Suffixes",
"Morphemes",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "běťi (“to run”) + *-a → *běga (“runner, escaper”)"
},
{
"text": "břuzgati (“to splash; to mumble, to mutter, to murmur”) + *-a → *břuzga (“nag, moaner, crybaby”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms agent nouns from verbs"
],
"id": "en--a-sla-pro-suffix-AB2H-rRv",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) forms agent nouns from verbs"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-a"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-éh₂",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ n",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ n.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-a",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-a",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "*-o"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative plural of *-o"
],
"id": "en--a-sla-pro-suffix-KaCYw9PZ",
"links": [
[
"*-o",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-o"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"nominative",
"plural",
"reconstruction",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"word": "-a"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-ā",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-ā"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ead",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā, from Proto-Indo-European *-ead.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-a",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-a",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "*-ъ"
}
],
"glosses": [
"genitive singular of *-ъ"
],
"id": "en--a-sla-pro-suffix-cuJKHW7B",
"links": [
[
"*-ъ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "*-o"
}
],
"glosses": [
"genitive singular of *-o"
],
"id": "en--a-sla-pro-suffix-kmKpuApL",
"links": [
[
"*-o",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-o"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "-a"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes with multiple genders",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-bsl-pro>*-āˀ>feminine suffix",
"id": "feminine suffix"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ f",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian -a",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -a",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ f. Compare Lithuanian -a, Latvian -a.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*-a f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-a",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "bratranъ (“son of brother”) + *-a → *bratrana (“daughter of brother”)"
},
{
"text": "õrbъ (“(male) servant, slave”) + *-a → *ōrbà (“(female) servant, slave”)"
},
{
"text": "aščerъ (“(male) lizard”) + *-a → *aščera (“(female) lizard”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms female equivalents to masculine nouns"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "korìti (“to force humility, submission”) + *-a → *kara (“punishment”)"
},
{
"text": "bornìti (“to defend”) + *-a → *bōrnà /*bornà (“defence; gate”)"
},
{
"text": "trāvìti (“to use, to eat”) + *-a → *trāvà (“fodder; grass”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms abstract nouns (later often concreted) from verbs"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros (“true”) + *-a → *vě̀ra (“belief, faith”)"
},
{
"text": "rȗdъ (“red, rufous, russet”) + *-a → *rudà (“ore”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms abstract nouns (later often concreted) from adjectives"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) forms abstract nouns (later often concreted) from adjectives"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "gȍspodь (“lord; master; host”) + *-a → *gospoda (“lords; masters; hosts”)"
},
{
"text": "čь̃rvь /*čь̑rvь (“larva”) + *-a → *čьrva (“larvas”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms collective nouns from nouns"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) forms collective nouns from nouns"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Proto-Indo-European *keh₂w-o-s + *-a → *kava (“jackdaw (Coloeus monedula)”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms nouns denoting animals from interjections"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) forms nouns denoting animals from interjections"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-a"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes with multiple genders",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rue",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Carpathian Rusyn: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-а",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⰰ",
"sc": "Glag",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⰰ (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⰰ (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-а",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: -а",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: -а"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-a",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: -a"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "-a",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: -a",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: -a (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: -a (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Czech: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: -a"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Polish: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "szl",
"2": "-a",
"3": "-ŏ"
},
"expansion": "Silesian: -a, -ŏ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Silesian: -a, -ŏ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-osk",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Old Slovak: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Slovak: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rsk",
"2": "-а"
},
"expansion": "Pannonian Rusyn: -а (-a)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pannonian Rusyn: -а (-a)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: -a"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "-ă"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: -ă",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: -ă"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pomeranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: -a"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: -a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: -a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: -a"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-bsl-pro>*-āˀ>feminine suffix",
"id": "feminine suffix"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ f",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian -a",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-a"
},
"expansion": "Latvian -a",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ f. Compare Lithuanian -a, Latvian -a.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-amъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ojǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-ami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-asъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-axъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-o",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-a m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-a",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "běťi (“to run”) + *-a → *běga (“runner, escaper”)"
},
{
"text": "břuzgati (“to splash; to mumble, to mutter, to murmur”) + *-a → *břuzga (“nag, moaner, crybaby”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms agent nouns from verbs"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) forms agent nouns from verbs"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-a"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes with multiple genders",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-āˀ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-éh₂",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ n",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ n.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-a",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-a",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "*-o"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative plural of *-o"
],
"links": [
[
"*-o",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-o"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"nominative",
"plural",
"reconstruction",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"word": "-a"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes with multiple genders",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-ā",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*-ā"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ead",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā, from Proto-Indo-European *-ead.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-a",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-a",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "*-ъ"
}
],
"glosses": [
"genitive singular of *-ъ"
],
"links": [
[
"*-ъ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "*-o"
}
],
"glosses": [
"genitive singular of *-o"
],
"links": [
[
"*-o",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-o"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "-a"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -a meaning in Proto-Slavic (16.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (7c21d10 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.