See turbz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*turb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *turb\nOld English: turf f\nMiddle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe\nEnglish: turf\nScots: turr, truff\nYola: thrive\nOld Frisian: turf\n>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks\nWest Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)\nOld Saxon: *torf, turf m\nMiddle Low German: torf m\nGerman Low German: Torf\n→ German: Torf\nPolish: torf\nPortuguese: turfa\nRussian: торф (torf)\n→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)\n→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)\n→ Azerbaijani: torf\n→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)\n→ Ossetian: торф (torf)\n→ Old French: torbe\nFrench: tourbe\n→ Catalan: torba\n→ Galician: turba\n→ Italian: torba\n→ Romanian: turbă\n→ Spanish: turba\n→ Turkish: turba\nOld Dutch: *torf, *turf\nMiddle Dutch: turf, torf m\nDutch: turf m\nAfrikaans: turf\n>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *turb\nOld English: turf f\nMiddle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe\nEnglish: turf\nScots: turr, truff\nYola: thrive\nOld Frisian: turf\n>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks\nWest Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)\nOld Saxon: *torf, turf m\nMiddle Low German: torf m\nGerman Low German: Torf\n→ German: Torf\nPolish: torf\nPortuguese: turfa\nRussian: торф (torf)\n→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)\n→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)\n→ Azerbaijani: torf\n→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)\n→ Ossetian: торф (torf)\n→ Old French: torbe\nFrench: tourbe\n→ Catalan: torba\n→ Galician: turba\n→ Italian: torba\n→ Romanian: turbă\n→ Spanish: turba\n→ Turkish: turba\nOld Dutch: *torf, *turf\nMiddle Dutch: turf, torf m\nDutch: turf m\nAfrikaans: turf\n>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "torf",
"3": "torfa",
"g": "n",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: torf n, torfa f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: torf n, torfa f"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "torf",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: torf n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: torf n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: torv n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: torv n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n,m"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: torv n or m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: torv n or m"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n,f"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "torf",
"3": "törf",
"g": "n,f",
"g2": "n,f"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "torv",
"3": "torva",
"g": "c",
"g2": "c"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: torv c, torva c",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: torv c, torva c"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "tørv",
"g": "c"
},
"expansion": "Danish: tørv c",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: tørv c"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "torve",
"bor": "1",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "→ Norman: torve f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norman: torve f"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*turbëh",
"3": "*turbas",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-",
"t": "tuft, grass; to wind, spin"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass; to wind, spin”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दर्भ",
"t": "tuft of grass",
"tr": "darbhá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “tuft of grass”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Old English turf",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass; to wind, spin”), as tufts of plants tend to cluster and form winding shapes; compare Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “tuft of grass”).\nDon Ringe argues that the lack of a-mutation in Old High German shows that zurba must have originally been a consonant stem. In addition, Old English turf clearly shows a consonant-stem declension.\nIn many of the descendants, the noun was thematized early on enough to cause a-mutation in the descendant forms.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "turbz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turb",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "turbų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/turbz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"turf, peat"
],
"id": "en-turbz-gem-pro-noun-FD8TWyFf",
"links": [
[
"turf",
"turf"
],
[
"peat",
"peat"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "tarbjaną"
},
{
"word": "turbijaną"
},
{
"word": "turbōną"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈturβz/"
}
],
"word": "turbz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*turb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *turb\nOld English: turf f\nMiddle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe\nEnglish: turf\nScots: turr, truff\nYola: thrive\nOld Frisian: turf\n>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks\nWest Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)\nOld Saxon: *torf, turf m\nMiddle Low German: torf m\nGerman Low German: Torf\n→ German: Torf\nPolish: torf\nPortuguese: turfa\nRussian: торф (torf)\n→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)\n→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)\n→ Azerbaijani: torf\n→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)\n→ Ossetian: торф (torf)\n→ Old French: torbe\nFrench: tourbe\n→ Catalan: torba\n→ Galician: turba\n→ Italian: torba\n→ Romanian: turbă\n→ Spanish: turba\n→ Turkish: turba\nOld Dutch: *torf, *turf\nMiddle Dutch: turf, torf m\nDutch: turf m\nAfrikaans: turf\n>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *turb\nOld English: turf f\nMiddle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe\nEnglish: turf\nScots: turr, truff\nYola: thrive\nOld Frisian: turf\n>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks\nWest Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)\nOld Saxon: *torf, turf m\nMiddle Low German: torf m\nGerman Low German: Torf\n→ German: Torf\nPolish: torf\nPortuguese: turfa\nRussian: торф (torf)\n→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)\n→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)\n→ Azerbaijani: torf\n→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)\n→ Ossetian: торф (torf)\n→ Old French: torbe\nFrench: tourbe\n→ Catalan: torba\n→ Galician: turba\n→ Italian: torba\n→ Romanian: turbă\n→ Spanish: turba\n→ Turkish: turba\nOld Dutch: *torf, *turf\nMiddle Dutch: turf, torf m\nDutch: turf m\nAfrikaans: turf\n>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "torf",
"3": "torfa",
"g": "n",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: torf n, torfa f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: torf n, torfa f"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "torf",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: torf n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: torf n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: torv n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: torv n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n,m"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: torv n or m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: torv n or m"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n,f"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "torf",
"3": "törf",
"g": "n,f",
"g2": "n,f"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "torv",
"3": "torva",
"g": "c",
"g2": "c"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: torv c, torva c",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: torv c, torva c"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "tørv",
"g": "c"
},
"expansion": "Danish: tørv c",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: tørv c"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "torve",
"bor": "1",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "→ Norman: torve f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norman: torve f"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*turbëh",
"3": "*turbas",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-",
"t": "tuft, grass; to wind, spin"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass; to wind, spin”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दर्भ",
"t": "tuft of grass",
"tr": "darbhá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “tuft of grass”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Old English turf",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass; to wind, spin”), as tufts of plants tend to cluster and form winding shapes; compare Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “tuft of grass”).\nDon Ringe argues that the lack of a-mutation in Old High German shows that zurba must have originally been a consonant stem. In addition, Old English turf clearly shows a consonant-stem declension.\nIn many of the descendants, the noun was thematized early on enough to cause a-mutation in the descendant forms.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "turbz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turb",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "turbų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/turbz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "tarbjaną"
},
{
"word": "turbijaną"
},
{
"word": "turbōną"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic consonant stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns with multiple genders",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *derbʰ-",
"Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations"
],
"glosses": [
"turf, peat"
],
"links": [
[
"turf",
"turf"
],
[
"peat",
"peat"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈturβz/"
}
],
"word": "turbz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for turbz meaning in Proto-Germanic (7.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-17 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.