See turbz on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*turb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *turb\nOld English: turf f\nMiddle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe\nEnglish: turf\nScots: turr, truff\nYola: thrive\nOld Frisian: turf\n>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks\nWest Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)\nOld Saxon: *torf, turf m\nMiddle Low German: torf m\nGerman Low German: Torf\n→ German: Torf\nPolish: torf\nPortuguese: turfa\nRussian: торф (torf)\n→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)\n→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)\n→ Azerbaijani: torf\n→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)\n→ Ossetian: торф (torf)\n→ Old French: torbe\nFrench: tourbe\n→ Italian: torba\nOld Dutch: *torf, *turf\nMiddle Dutch: turf, torf m\nDutch: turf m\nAfrikaans: turf\n>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *turb\nOld English: turf f\nMiddle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe\nEnglish: turf\nScots: turr, truff\nYola: thrive\nOld Frisian: turf\n>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks\nWest Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)\nOld Saxon: *torf, turf m\nMiddle Low German: torf m\nGerman Low German: Torf\n→ German: Torf\nPolish: torf\nPortuguese: turfa\nRussian: торф (torf)\n→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)\n→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)\n→ Azerbaijani: torf\n→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)\n→ Ossetian: торф (torf)\n→ Old French: torbe\nFrench: tourbe\n→ Italian: torba\nOld Dutch: *torf, *turf\nMiddle Dutch: turf, torf m\nDutch: turf m\nAfrikaans: turf\n>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "torf",
"3": "torfa",
"g": "n",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: torf n, torfa f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: torf n, torfa f"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "torf",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: torf n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: torf n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: torv n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: torv n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n,m"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: torv n or m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: torv n or m"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n,f"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "torf",
"3": "törf",
"g": "n,f",
"g2": "n,f"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "torv",
"3": "torva",
"g": "c",
"g2": "c"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: torv c, torva c",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: torv c, torva c"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "tørv",
"g": "c"
},
"expansion": "Danish: tørv c",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: tørv c"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "torve",
"bor": "1",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "→ Norman: torve f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norman: torve f"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*turbëh",
"3": "*turbas",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-",
"t": "tuft, grass"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Old English turf",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”).\nDon Ringe argues that the lack of a-mutation in Old High German shows that zurba must have originally been a consonant stem. In addition, Old English turf clearly shows a consonant-stem declension.\nIn many of the descendants, the noun was thematized early on enough to cause a-mutation in the descendant forms.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "turbz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turb",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "turbų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/turbz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"turf, peat"
],
"id": "en-turbz-gem-pro-noun-FD8TWyFf",
"links": [
[
"turf",
"turf"
],
[
"peat",
"peat"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "turbijaną"
},
{
"word": "turbōną"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈturβz/"
}
],
"word": "turbz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*turb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *turb\nOld English: turf f\nMiddle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe\nEnglish: turf\nScots: turr, truff\nYola: thrive\nOld Frisian: turf\n>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks\nWest Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)\nOld Saxon: *torf, turf m\nMiddle Low German: torf m\nGerman Low German: Torf\n→ German: Torf\nPolish: torf\nPortuguese: turfa\nRussian: торф (torf)\n→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)\n→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)\n→ Azerbaijani: torf\n→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)\n→ Ossetian: торф (torf)\n→ Old French: torbe\nFrench: tourbe\n→ Italian: torba\nOld Dutch: *torf, *turf\nMiddle Dutch: turf, torf m\nDutch: turf m\nAfrikaans: turf\n>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *turb\nOld English: turf f\nMiddle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe\nEnglish: turf\nScots: turr, truff\nYola: thrive\nOld Frisian: turf\n>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks\nWest Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)\nOld Saxon: *torf, turf m\nMiddle Low German: torf m\nGerman Low German: Torf\n→ German: Torf\nPolish: torf\nPortuguese: turfa\nRussian: торф (torf)\n→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)\n→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)\n→ Azerbaijani: torf\n→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)\n→ Ossetian: торф (torf)\n→ Old French: torbe\nFrench: tourbe\n→ Italian: torba\nOld Dutch: *torf, *turf\nMiddle Dutch: turf, torf m\nDutch: turf m\nAfrikaans: turf\n>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "torf",
"3": "torfa",
"g": "n",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: torf n, torfa f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: torf n, torfa f"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "torf",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: torf n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: torf n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: torv n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: torv n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n,m"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: torv n or m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: torv n or m"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "torv",
"g": "n,f"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "torf",
"3": "törf",
"g": "n,f",
"g2": "n,f"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "torv",
"3": "torva",
"g": "c",
"g2": "c"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: torv c, torva c",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: torv c, torva c"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "tørv",
"g": "c"
},
"expansion": "Danish: tørv c",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: tørv c"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "torve",
"bor": "1",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "→ Norman: torve f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norman: torve f"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*turbëh",
"3": "*turbas",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-",
"t": "tuft, grass"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Old English turf",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”).\nDon Ringe argues that the lack of a-mutation in Old High German shows that zurba must have originally been a consonant stem. In addition, Old English turf clearly shows a consonant-stem declension.\nIn many of the descendants, the noun was thematized early on enough to cause a-mutation in the descendant forms.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "turbz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turb",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "turbų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "turbumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/turbz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "turbijaną"
},
{
"word": "turbōną"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic consonant stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns with multiple genders",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *derbʰ-"
],
"glosses": [
"turf, peat"
],
"links": [
[
"turf",
"turf"
],
[
"peat",
"peat"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈturβz/"
}
],
"word": "turbz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for turbz meaning in All languages combined (6.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.