See stenaną in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for stenaną meaning in Proto-Germanic (8.7kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*stenan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *stenan\nOld English: stenan, stinan\nMiddle English: stenen, steynen (regarded as byforms of stunien)\nOld Saxon: *stenan\nMiddle Low German: stēnen, stȫnen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)\nLow German: stöhnen\n→? Middle High German: stenen (northern)\nGerman: stöhnen\nOld Dutch: *stenan\nMiddle Dutch: stēnen\nDutch: stenen, steunen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *stenan\nOld English: stenan, stinan\nMiddle English: stenen, steynen (regarded as byforms of stunien)\nOld Saxon: *stenan\nMiddle Low German: stēnen, stȫnen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)\nLow German: stöhnen\n→? Middle High German: stenen (northern)\nGerman: stöhnen\nOld Dutch: *stenan\nMiddle Dutch: stēnen\nDutch: stenen, steunen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)tenh₂-",
"4": "",
"5": "to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tonō",
"3": "",
"4": "to thunder"
},
"expansion": "Latin tonō (“to thunder”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan”). Cognate with Latin tonō (“to thunder”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-conj-st",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "4",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "stenō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stenai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stinizi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sten",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stenazai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaizau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stinidi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenadau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenadai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaidau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaiw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"passive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stenadiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaidiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stenadiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"passive",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stenamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stinid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stinid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenain",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnį̄",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stant",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnudiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīdiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stunanaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sten",
"2": "stan",
"3": "stēn",
"4": "stun",
"class": "4",
"nopass": "1"
},
"name": "gem-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stenaną",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Proto-Germanic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "stanjaną"
},
{
"word": "stēnijaną"
},
{
"word": "stuniz"
},
{
"word": "stunjaną"
},
{
"word": "stunōną"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to sigh, to groan"
],
"id": "en-stenaną-gem-pro-verb-fePGG~zG",
"links": [
[
"sigh",
"sigh"
],
[
"groan",
"groan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(West Germanic) to sigh, to groan"
],
"related": [
{
"word": "þunraz"
}
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈste.nɑ.nɑ̃/"
}
],
"word": "stenaną"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "stanjaną"
},
{
"word": "stēnijaną"
},
{
"word": "stuniz"
},
{
"word": "stunjaną"
},
{
"word": "stunōną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*stenan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *stenan\nOld English: stenan, stinan\nMiddle English: stenen, steynen (regarded as byforms of stunien)\nOld Saxon: *stenan\nMiddle Low German: stēnen, stȫnen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)\nLow German: stöhnen\n→? Middle High German: stenen (northern)\nGerman: stöhnen\nOld Dutch: *stenan\nMiddle Dutch: stēnen\nDutch: stenen, steunen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *stenan\nOld English: stenan, stinan\nMiddle English: stenen, steynen (regarded as byforms of stunien)\nOld Saxon: *stenan\nMiddle Low German: stēnen, stȫnen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)\nLow German: stöhnen\n→? Middle High German: stenen (northern)\nGerman: stöhnen\nOld Dutch: *stenan\nMiddle Dutch: stēnen\nDutch: stenen, steunen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)tenh₂-",
"4": "",
"5": "to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tonō",
"3": "",
"4": "to thunder"
},
"expansion": "Latin tonō (“to thunder”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan”). Cognate with Latin tonō (“to thunder”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-conj-st",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "4",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "stenō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stenai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stinizi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sten",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stenazai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaizau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stinidi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenadau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenadai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaidau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaiw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"passive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stenadiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaidiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stenadiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"passive",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stenamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stinid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stinid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenain",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnį̄",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stant",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnudiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīdiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stēnīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stenandz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stunanaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sten",
"2": "stan",
"3": "stēn",
"4": "stun",
"class": "4",
"nopass": "1"
},
"name": "gem-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stenaną",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "þunraz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Germanic class 4 strong verbs",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Proto-Germanic verbs",
"West Proto-Germanic"
],
"glosses": [
"to sigh, to groan"
],
"links": [
[
"sigh",
"sigh"
],
[
"groan",
"groan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(West Germanic) to sigh, to groan"
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈste.nɑ.nɑ̃/"
}
],
"word": "stenaną"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-19 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-06 using wiktextract (372f256 and 664a3bc). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.