See luftuz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "luftijaną"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "luftīnaz"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*luftu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *luftu, *lufti\nOld English: lyft (< *lufti)\nMiddle English: luft, lift\nEnglish: lift\nScots: luft, lift\nOld Frisian: luft, lufte, *loft\nSaterland Frisian: Luft\nWest Frisian: loft\nOld Saxon: luft\nMiddle Low German: lucht\nLow German: lucht, luft, Luft\nEast Frisian Low Saxon: Loft\nPlautdietsch:\nVolhynian: Lift\n→ Saterland Frisian: Lucht\n→ Faroese: luft, luktur (“smell”)\n→ Norwegian: luft, lukt (“smell”)\n→ Swedish: luft, lukt (“smell”)\n→ Danish: luft, lugt (“smell”)\nOld Dutch: *luft\nMiddle Dutch: lucht, locht\nDutch: lucht\n→ West Frisian: lucht\nOld High German: luft; luht (northern)\nMiddle High German: luft; lucht\nGerman: Luft\n→ English: luft\n→ Czech: luft\n→ Luxembourgish: Loft\n→ Kashubian: lëft\n→ Polish: luft\n→ Silesian: luft\nCentral Franconian: Luft, Loft, Loff (originally south-eastern); Luucht, Luuch, Luht, Lueht (northern and western, now only for “space”)\nHunsrik: Luft\nLuxembourgish: Luucht, Lut\nEast Central German:\nLusatian: Luffd\nVilamovian: łöft\nPennsylvania German: Luft\nYiddish: לופֿט (luft)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *luftu, *lufti\nOld English: lyft (< *lufti)\nMiddle English: luft, lift\nEnglish: lift\nScots: luft, lift\nOld Frisian: luft, lufte, *loft\nSaterland Frisian: Luft\nWest Frisian: loft\nOld Saxon: luft\nMiddle Low German: lucht\nLow German: lucht, luft, Luft\nEast Frisian Low Saxon: Loft\nPlautdietsch:\nVolhynian: Lift\n→ Saterland Frisian: Lucht\n→ Faroese: luft, luktur (“smell”)\n→ Norwegian: luft, lukt (“smell”)\n→ Swedish: luft, lukt (“smell”)\n→ Danish: luft, lugt (“smell”)\nOld Dutch: *luft\nMiddle Dutch: lucht, locht\nDutch: lucht\n→ West Frisian: lucht\nOld High German: luft; luht (northern)\nMiddle High German: luft; lucht\nGerman: Luft\n→ English: luft\n→ Czech: luft\n→ Luxembourgish: Loft\n→ Kashubian: lëft\n→ Polish: luft\n→ Silesian: luft\nCentral Franconian: Luft, Loft, Loff (originally south-eastern); Luucht, Luuch, Luht, Lueht (northern and western, now only for “space”)\nHunsrik: Luft\nLuxembourgish: Luucht, Lut\nEast Central German:\nLusatian: Luffd\nVilamovian: łöft\nPennsylvania German: Luft\nYiddish: לופֿט (luft)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "lopt",
"g": "n",
"qq": "< *luftą"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: lopt n, loft (< *luftą)\nIcelandic: loft\nFaroese: loft\nNorwegian: loft\nSwedish: loft\nDanish: loft, luft\n→ Old English: loft\nMiddle English: lofte\nScots: loft, laft\nEnglish: loft\n→ Irish: lochta, lafta, lofta, lota, lochda (obsolete)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: lopt n, loft (< *luftą)\nIcelandic: loft\nFaroese: loft\nNorwegian: loft\nSwedish: loft\nDanish: loft, luft\n→ Old English: loft\nMiddle English: lofte\nScots: loft, laft\nEnglish: loft\n→ Irish: lochta, lafta, lofta, lota, lochda (obsolete)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃 (luftus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃 (luftus)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*lubʰ-tu-s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-tu-s",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "луб",
"t": "bast"
},
"expansion": "Russian луб (lub, “bast”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "lubbo",
"t": "bast, plank"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian lubbo (“bast, plank”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "According to Kroonen, from Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-tu-s, from *lewbʰ- (“to peel, break off, damage”) (whence also *laubą (“leaf”)); this may be linked to Russian луб (lub, “bast”), Old Prussian lubbo (“bast, plank”) and therefore have an original meaning of \"roof (fashioned from peeled bark)\". The Indo-European root has been taken as an extension of a root *lew- (“to cut away, remove, prune”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "luftuz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "luftiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "luftu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "luftiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "luftų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "luftunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "luftauz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "luftiwǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "luftiwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "luftumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "luftū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "luftumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/luftuz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "lubją"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "luftą"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"roof"
],
"id": "en-luftuz-gem-pro-noun-0aDW9HB0",
"links": [
[
"roof",
"roof"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 58 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 70 10 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 87 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"roof of the earth, firmament; heavens, sky"
],
"id": "en-luftuz-gem-pro-noun-NDIW8xYX",
"links": [
[
"firmament",
"firmament"
],
[
"heavens",
"heavens"
],
[
"sky",
"sky"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"atmosphere"
],
"id": "en-luftuz-gem-pro-noun-v9Wo7XNX",
"links": [
[
"atmosphere",
"atmosphere"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"air"
],
"id": "en-luftuz-gem-pro-noun-n-Qw5SdG",
"links": [
[
"air",
"air"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈluɸ.tuz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "luftuz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic u-stem nouns"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "luftijaną"
},
{
"word": "luftīnaz"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*luftu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *luftu, *lufti\nOld English: lyft (< *lufti)\nMiddle English: luft, lift\nEnglish: lift\nScots: luft, lift\nOld Frisian: luft, lufte, *loft\nSaterland Frisian: Luft\nWest Frisian: loft\nOld Saxon: luft\nMiddle Low German: lucht\nLow German: lucht, luft, Luft\nEast Frisian Low Saxon: Loft\nPlautdietsch:\nVolhynian: Lift\n→ Saterland Frisian: Lucht\n→ Faroese: luft, luktur (“smell”)\n→ Norwegian: luft, lukt (“smell”)\n→ Swedish: luft, lukt (“smell”)\n→ Danish: luft, lugt (“smell”)\nOld Dutch: *luft\nMiddle Dutch: lucht, locht\nDutch: lucht\n→ West Frisian: lucht\nOld High German: luft; luht (northern)\nMiddle High German: luft; lucht\nGerman: Luft\n→ English: luft\n→ Czech: luft\n→ Luxembourgish: Loft\n→ Kashubian: lëft\n→ Polish: luft\n→ Silesian: luft\nCentral Franconian: Luft, Loft, Loff (originally south-eastern); Luucht, Luuch, Luht, Lueht (northern and western, now only for “space”)\nHunsrik: Luft\nLuxembourgish: Luucht, Lut\nEast Central German:\nLusatian: Luffd\nVilamovian: łöft\nPennsylvania German: Luft\nYiddish: לופֿט (luft)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *luftu, *lufti\nOld English: lyft (< *lufti)\nMiddle English: luft, lift\nEnglish: lift\nScots: luft, lift\nOld Frisian: luft, lufte, *loft\nSaterland Frisian: Luft\nWest Frisian: loft\nOld Saxon: luft\nMiddle Low German: lucht\nLow German: lucht, luft, Luft\nEast Frisian Low Saxon: Loft\nPlautdietsch:\nVolhynian: Lift\n→ Saterland Frisian: Lucht\n→ Faroese: luft, luktur (“smell”)\n→ Norwegian: luft, lukt (“smell”)\n→ Swedish: luft, lukt (“smell”)\n→ Danish: luft, lugt (“smell”)\nOld Dutch: *luft\nMiddle Dutch: lucht, locht\nDutch: lucht\n→ West Frisian: lucht\nOld High German: luft; luht (northern)\nMiddle High German: luft; lucht\nGerman: Luft\n→ English: luft\n→ Czech: luft\n→ Luxembourgish: Loft\n→ Kashubian: lëft\n→ Polish: luft\n→ Silesian: luft\nCentral Franconian: Luft, Loft, Loff (originally south-eastern); Luucht, Luuch, Luht, Lueht (northern and western, now only for “space”)\nHunsrik: Luft\nLuxembourgish: Luucht, Lut\nEast Central German:\nLusatian: Luffd\nVilamovian: łöft\nPennsylvania German: Luft\nYiddish: לופֿט (luft)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "lopt",
"g": "n",
"qq": "< *luftą"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: lopt n, loft (< *luftą)\nIcelandic: loft\nFaroese: loft\nNorwegian: loft\nSwedish: loft\nDanish: loft, luft\n→ Old English: loft\nMiddle English: lofte\nScots: loft, laft\nEnglish: loft\n→ Irish: lochta, lafta, lofta, lota, lochda (obsolete)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: lopt n, loft (< *luftą)\nIcelandic: loft\nFaroese: loft\nNorwegian: loft\nSwedish: loft\nDanish: loft, luft\n→ Old English: loft\nMiddle English: lofte\nScots: loft, laft\nEnglish: loft\n→ Irish: lochta, lafta, lofta, lota, lochda (obsolete)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃 (luftus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃 (luftus)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*lubʰ-tu-s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-tu-s",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "луб",
"t": "bast"
},
"expansion": "Russian луб (lub, “bast”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "lubbo",
"t": "bast, plank"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian lubbo (“bast, plank”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "According to Kroonen, from Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-tu-s, from *lewbʰ- (“to peel, break off, damage”) (whence also *laubą (“leaf”)); this may be linked to Russian луб (lub, “bast”), Old Prussian lubbo (“bast, plank”) and therefore have an original meaning of \"roof (fashioned from peeled bark)\". The Indo-European root has been taken as an extension of a root *lew- (“to cut away, remove, prune”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "luftuz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "luftiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "luftu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "luftiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "luftų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "luftunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "luftauz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "luftiwǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "luftiwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "luftumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "luftū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "luftumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/luftuz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "lubją"
},
{
"word": "luftą"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"roof"
],
"links": [
[
"roof",
"roof"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"roof of the earth, firmament; heavens, sky"
],
"links": [
[
"firmament",
"firmament"
],
[
"heavens",
"heavens"
],
[
"sky",
"sky"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"atmosphere"
],
"links": [
[
"atmosphere",
"atmosphere"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"air"
],
"links": [
[
"air",
"air"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈluɸ.tuz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "luftuz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for luftuz meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.