See librō in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*libru"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *libru\nOld English: lifer\nMiddle English: lyvere, lyver, livere\nEnglish: liver\nScots: liver\nOld Frisian: livere\nSaterland Frisian: Líeuwer\nWest Frisian: lever\nOld Saxon: *livara, *levara (attested in Old Saxon leverinlappa)\nMiddle Low German: levere, lēver\nGerman Low German: Lever\nPlautdietsch: Läwa\nOld Dutch: *levara\nMiddle Dutch: lēvere\nDutch: lever\nAfrikaans: lewer\nBerbice Creole Dutch: lefre\nNegerhollands: leber\n→ Aukan: lebii\n→ Indonesian: lever\n→ Saramaccan: lebèn\n→ Sranan Tongo: lefre\n→ Caribbean Javanese: léfer\nOld High German: lebara\nMiddle High German: lebere, leber\nGerman: Leber\nCentral Franconian: Levver, Läver, Leaver\nHunsrik: Lewer\nLuxembourgish: Liewer\nVilamovian: łaower\nYiddish: לעבער (leber)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *libru\nOld English: lifer\nMiddle English: lyvere, lyver, livere\nEnglish: liver\nScots: liver\nOld Frisian: livere\nSaterland Frisian: Líeuwer\nWest Frisian: lever\nOld Saxon: *livara, *levara (attested in Old Saxon leverinlappa)\nMiddle Low German: levere, lēver\nGerman Low German: Lever\nPlautdietsch: Läwa\nOld Dutch: *levara\nMiddle Dutch: lēvere\nDutch: lever\nAfrikaans: lewer\nBerbice Creole Dutch: lefre\nNegerhollands: leber\n→ Aukan: lebii\n→ Indonesian: lever\n→ Saramaccan: lebèn\n→ Sranan Tongo: lefre\n→ Caribbean Javanese: léfer\nOld High German: lebara\nMiddle High German: lebere, leber\nGerman: Leber\nCentral Franconian: Levver, Läver, Leaver\nHunsrik: Lewer\nLuxembourgish: Liewer\nVilamovian: łaower\nYiddish: לעבער (leber)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "lifr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: lifr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: lifr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "lifur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: lifur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: lifur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "livur"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: livur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: livur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "lever"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: lever",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: lever"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "lever"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: lever",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: lever"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "liver"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: liver",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: liver"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "lever"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: lever",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: lever"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "liuær"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish: liuær",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish: liuær"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "lever"
},
"expansion": "Danish: lever",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: lever"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "livar",
"3": "livår",
"4": "livur"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: livar, livår, livur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: livar, livår, livur"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "Disputed"
},
"expansion": "Disputed",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "լեարդ",
"3": "",
"4": "liver"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian լեարդ (leard, “liver”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "lagno"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian lagno",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*ikrā́ˀ",
"3": "",
"4": "fish egg, roe; calf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *ikrā́ˀ (“fish egg, roe; calf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "λῐπᾰρός",
"3": "",
"4": "fatty, greasy, oily, shiny"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek λῐπᾰρός (lĭpărós, “fatty, greasy, oily, shiny”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रिप्र",
"3": "",
"4": "dirt, impurity",
"tr": "riprá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit रिप्र (riprá, “dirt, impurity”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*lībą",
"t": "body; life"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lībą (“body; life”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒇷𒂊𒅆",
"3": "",
"4": "liver",
"tr": "le-e-ši",
"ts": "leš(š)i ~ liš(š)i"
},
"expansion": "Hittite 𒇷𒂊𒅆 (le-e-ši /leš(š)i ~ liš(š)i/, “liver”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "lyr"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish lyr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ovd",
"2": "lyr"
},
"expansion": "Elfdalian lyr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Disputed:\n* Sometimes considered an irregular corruption of the Proto-Indo-European word for “liver”, approximately *(H)yékʷ-r̥ (of which there are varying interpretations; see there for details). Compare especially Old Armenian լեարդ (leard, “liver”) and Old Prussian lagno, which similarly appear to have sporadic initial l, though in the latter case it may be a scribal error for *jagno. A parallel thematicization to *ikʷ-r-éh₂ would be seen in Proto-Balto-Slavic *ikrā́ˀ (“fish egg, roe; calf”).\nHowever, this is difficult on phonetic grounds, especially as the source of the presumed un-etymological *l- is not explained. An alternative reconstruction *l̥yékʷr̥ has been proposed but not met with wide acceptance.\n* Likely from a different r/n-stem *léypr̥ or r-stem *léypōr (“sticky/fatty one ?”) which thematicized in pre-Germanic to *lip-r-éh₂ (and perhaps in Hellenic to *lipər-os, whence Ancient Greek λῐπᾰρός (lĭpărós, “fatty, greasy, oily, shiny”)), from the root *leyp- (“to smudge, stick; sticky or slippery substance”) (itself possibly an extension of earlier *(s)ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”)). Compare Sanskrit रिप्र (riprá, “dirt, impurity”), Proto-Germanic *lībą (“body; life”).\n* Despite attempts to connect Hittite 𒇷𒂊𒅆 (le-e-ši /leš(š)i ~ liš(š)i/, “liver”) for a different reconstruction entirely, these have been unconvincing.\nKroonen notes the unusual umlaut of Old Swedish lyr and Elfdalian lyr, which could be from an old locative *libureni.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "librō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "librôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "librō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "librôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "librǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "librōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "librōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "librǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "librōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "librōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "librō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "librōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*libarō",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/librō",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"liver"
],
"id": "en-librō-gem-pro-noun-669IqXJX",
"links": [
[
"liver",
"liver"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "laibō"
},
{
"word": "lībą"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈli.βrɔː/"
}
],
"word": "librō"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*libru"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *libru\nOld English: lifer\nMiddle English: lyvere, lyver, livere\nEnglish: liver\nScots: liver\nOld Frisian: livere\nSaterland Frisian: Líeuwer\nWest Frisian: lever\nOld Saxon: *livara, *levara (attested in Old Saxon leverinlappa)\nMiddle Low German: levere, lēver\nGerman Low German: Lever\nPlautdietsch: Läwa\nOld Dutch: *levara\nMiddle Dutch: lēvere\nDutch: lever\nAfrikaans: lewer\nBerbice Creole Dutch: lefre\nNegerhollands: leber\n→ Aukan: lebii\n→ Indonesian: lever\n→ Saramaccan: lebèn\n→ Sranan Tongo: lefre\n→ Caribbean Javanese: léfer\nOld High German: lebara\nMiddle High German: lebere, leber\nGerman: Leber\nCentral Franconian: Levver, Läver, Leaver\nHunsrik: Lewer\nLuxembourgish: Liewer\nVilamovian: łaower\nYiddish: לעבער (leber)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *libru\nOld English: lifer\nMiddle English: lyvere, lyver, livere\nEnglish: liver\nScots: liver\nOld Frisian: livere\nSaterland Frisian: Líeuwer\nWest Frisian: lever\nOld Saxon: *livara, *levara (attested in Old Saxon leverinlappa)\nMiddle Low German: levere, lēver\nGerman Low German: Lever\nPlautdietsch: Läwa\nOld Dutch: *levara\nMiddle Dutch: lēvere\nDutch: lever\nAfrikaans: lewer\nBerbice Creole Dutch: lefre\nNegerhollands: leber\n→ Aukan: lebii\n→ Indonesian: lever\n→ Saramaccan: lebèn\n→ Sranan Tongo: lefre\n→ Caribbean Javanese: léfer\nOld High German: lebara\nMiddle High German: lebere, leber\nGerman: Leber\nCentral Franconian: Levver, Läver, Leaver\nHunsrik: Lewer\nLuxembourgish: Liewer\nVilamovian: łaower\nYiddish: לעבער (leber)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "lifr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: lifr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: lifr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "lifur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: lifur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: lifur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "livur"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: livur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: livur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "lever"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: lever",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: lever"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "lever"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: lever",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: lever"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "liver"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: liver",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: liver"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "lever"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: lever",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: lever"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "liuær"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish: liuær",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish: liuær"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "lever"
},
"expansion": "Danish: lever",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: lever"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "livar",
"3": "livår",
"4": "livur"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: livar, livår, livur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: livar, livår, livur"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "Disputed"
},
"expansion": "Disputed",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "լեարդ",
"3": "",
"4": "liver"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian լեարդ (leard, “liver”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "lagno"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian lagno",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*ikrā́ˀ",
"3": "",
"4": "fish egg, roe; calf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *ikrā́ˀ (“fish egg, roe; calf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "λῐπᾰρός",
"3": "",
"4": "fatty, greasy, oily, shiny"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek λῐπᾰρός (lĭpărós, “fatty, greasy, oily, shiny”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रिप्र",
"3": "",
"4": "dirt, impurity",
"tr": "riprá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit रिप्र (riprá, “dirt, impurity”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*lībą",
"t": "body; life"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lībą (“body; life”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒇷𒂊𒅆",
"3": "",
"4": "liver",
"tr": "le-e-ši",
"ts": "leš(š)i ~ liš(š)i"
},
"expansion": "Hittite 𒇷𒂊𒅆 (le-e-ši /leš(š)i ~ liš(š)i/, “liver”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "lyr"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish lyr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ovd",
"2": "lyr"
},
"expansion": "Elfdalian lyr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Disputed:\n* Sometimes considered an irregular corruption of the Proto-Indo-European word for “liver”, approximately *(H)yékʷ-r̥ (of which there are varying interpretations; see there for details). Compare especially Old Armenian լեարդ (leard, “liver”) and Old Prussian lagno, which similarly appear to have sporadic initial l, though in the latter case it may be a scribal error for *jagno. A parallel thematicization to *ikʷ-r-éh₂ would be seen in Proto-Balto-Slavic *ikrā́ˀ (“fish egg, roe; calf”).\nHowever, this is difficult on phonetic grounds, especially as the source of the presumed un-etymological *l- is not explained. An alternative reconstruction *l̥yékʷr̥ has been proposed but not met with wide acceptance.\n* Likely from a different r/n-stem *léypr̥ or r-stem *léypōr (“sticky/fatty one ?”) which thematicized in pre-Germanic to *lip-r-éh₂ (and perhaps in Hellenic to *lipər-os, whence Ancient Greek λῐπᾰρός (lĭpărós, “fatty, greasy, oily, shiny”)), from the root *leyp- (“to smudge, stick; sticky or slippery substance”) (itself possibly an extension of earlier *(s)ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”)). Compare Sanskrit रिप्र (riprá, “dirt, impurity”), Proto-Germanic *lībą (“body; life”).\n* Despite attempts to connect Hittite 𒇷𒂊𒅆 (le-e-ši /leš(š)i ~ liš(š)i/, “liver”) for a different reconstruction entirely, these have been unconvincing.\nKroonen notes the unusual umlaut of Old Swedish lyr and Elfdalian lyr, which could be from an old locative *libureni.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "librō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "librôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "librō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "librôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "librǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "librōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "librōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "librǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "librōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "librōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "librō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "librōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*libarō",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/librō",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "laibō"
},
{
"word": "lībą"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-Germanic ō-stem nouns",
"gem-pro:Organs"
],
"glosses": [
"liver"
],
"links": [
[
"liver",
"liver"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈli.βrɔː/"
}
],
"word": "librō"
}
Download raw JSONL data for librō meaning in Proto-Germanic (8.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-20 using wiktextract (89e900c and ea19a0a). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.