See liþuz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "liþōną"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "liþugaz"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*liþu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *liþu\nOld English: liþ\nMiddle English: lyth, lith, lythe, lithe, lyþ, liþ, liþe, liþthe, liyþe, litht, leth, lethe\nEnglish: lith\nScots: lith\nOld Frisian: lith, leth\nNorth Frisian: leth, lath, lass\nSaterland Frisian: Lid\nWest Frisian: lid\nOld Saxon: lith\nMiddle Low German: lit\n⇒ Middle Low German: gelit\nOld Dutch: *lith\nMiddle Dutch: lit, let\nDutch: lid\nAfrikaans: lid\n→ Indonesian: lid\nNegerhollands: lid, leden, leeden\nOld High German: lid\nMiddle High German: lit\nAlemannic German: Lid\nGerman: Lied\n⇒ Old High German: gilid\nMiddle High German: gelit, glit\nGerman: Glied\nLuxembourgish: Glidd",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *liþu\nOld English: liþ\nMiddle English: lyth, lith, lythe, lithe, lyþ, liþ, liþe, liþthe, liyþe, litht, leth, lethe\nEnglish: lith\nScots: lith\nOld Frisian: lith, leth\nNorth Frisian: leth, lath, lass\nSaterland Frisian: Lid\nWest Frisian: lid\nOld Saxon: lith\nMiddle Low German: lit\n⇒ Middle Low German: gelit\nOld Dutch: *lith\nMiddle Dutch: lit, let\nDutch: lid\nAfrikaans: lid\n→ Indonesian: lid\nNegerhollands: lid, leden, leeden\nOld High German: lid\nMiddle High German: lit\nAlemannic German: Lid\nGerman: Lied\n⇒ Old High German: gilid\nMiddle High German: gelit, glit\nGerman: Glied\nLuxembourgish: Glidd"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "liðr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: liðr\nIcelandic: liður\nFaroese: liður\nNorwegian: lid\nOld Swedish: liþer\nSwedish: led\nDanish: led",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: liðr\nIcelandic: liður\nFaroese: liður\nNorwegian: lid\nOld Swedish: liþer\nSwedish: led\nDanish: led"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (liþus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (liþus)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*lëδës",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Samic: *lëδës",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Samic: *lëδës (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂el-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "lituus"
},
"expansion": "Latin lituus",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown, no known cognates outside Germanic. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-, *leyH- (“to bend”). A relationship with Latin lituus is sometimes suggested, but is doubtful as it is likely a loanword from Etruscan. Given the variety of forms, which are difficult to reconcile as inherited, origin in a substrate language is possible.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "liþuz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "liþiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "liþu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "liþiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "liþų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "liþunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "liþauz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "liþiwǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "liþiwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "liþumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "liþū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "liþumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/liþuz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "limuz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "liþaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a bend"
],
"id": "en-liþuz-gem-pro-noun-KGfNb9B5",
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*baugaz"
},
{
"word": "*buhtiz"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a joint"
],
"id": "en-liþuz-gem-pro-noun-GfoseNyc",
"links": [
[
"joint",
"joint"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*gawissiz"
},
{
"word": "*knukô"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 78",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 89",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a body part, limb, member"
],
"id": "en-liþuz-gem-pro-noun-UA25ni78",
"links": [
[
"body part",
"body part"
],
[
"limb",
"limb"
],
[
"member",
"member"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*limuz"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈli.θuz/"
}
],
"word": "liþuz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from substrate languages",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-Germanic u-stem nouns"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "liþōną"
},
{
"word": "liþugaz"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*liþu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *liþu\nOld English: liþ\nMiddle English: lyth, lith, lythe, lithe, lyþ, liþ, liþe, liþthe, liyþe, litht, leth, lethe\nEnglish: lith\nScots: lith\nOld Frisian: lith, leth\nNorth Frisian: leth, lath, lass\nSaterland Frisian: Lid\nWest Frisian: lid\nOld Saxon: lith\nMiddle Low German: lit\n⇒ Middle Low German: gelit\nOld Dutch: *lith\nMiddle Dutch: lit, let\nDutch: lid\nAfrikaans: lid\n→ Indonesian: lid\nNegerhollands: lid, leden, leeden\nOld High German: lid\nMiddle High German: lit\nAlemannic German: Lid\nGerman: Lied\n⇒ Old High German: gilid\nMiddle High German: gelit, glit\nGerman: Glied\nLuxembourgish: Glidd",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *liþu\nOld English: liþ\nMiddle English: lyth, lith, lythe, lithe, lyþ, liþ, liþe, liþthe, liyþe, litht, leth, lethe\nEnglish: lith\nScots: lith\nOld Frisian: lith, leth\nNorth Frisian: leth, lath, lass\nSaterland Frisian: Lid\nWest Frisian: lid\nOld Saxon: lith\nMiddle Low German: lit\n⇒ Middle Low German: gelit\nOld Dutch: *lith\nMiddle Dutch: lit, let\nDutch: lid\nAfrikaans: lid\n→ Indonesian: lid\nNegerhollands: lid, leden, leeden\nOld High German: lid\nMiddle High German: lit\nAlemannic German: Lid\nGerman: Lied\n⇒ Old High German: gilid\nMiddle High German: gelit, glit\nGerman: Glied\nLuxembourgish: Glidd"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "liðr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: liðr\nIcelandic: liður\nFaroese: liður\nNorwegian: lid\nOld Swedish: liþer\nSwedish: led\nDanish: led",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: liðr\nIcelandic: liður\nFaroese: liður\nNorwegian: lid\nOld Swedish: liþer\nSwedish: led\nDanish: led"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (liþus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (liþus)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*lëδës",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Samic: *lëδës",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Samic: *lëδës (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂el-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "lituus"
},
"expansion": "Latin lituus",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown, no known cognates outside Germanic. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-, *leyH- (“to bend”). A relationship with Latin lituus is sometimes suggested, but is doubtful as it is likely a loanword from Etruscan. Given the variety of forms, which are difficult to reconcile as inherited, origin in a substrate language is possible.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "liþuz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "liþiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "liþu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "liþiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "liþų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "liþunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "liþauz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "liþiwǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "liþiwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "liþumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "liþū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "liþumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/liþuz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "limuz"
},
{
"word": "liþaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a bend"
],
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*baugaz"
},
{
"word": "*buhtiz"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a joint"
],
"links": [
[
"joint",
"joint"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*gawissiz"
},
{
"word": "*knukô"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"gem-pro:Body parts"
],
"glosses": [
"a body part, limb, member"
],
"links": [
[
"body part",
"body part"
],
[
"limb",
"limb"
],
[
"member",
"member"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*limuz"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈli.θuz/"
}
],
"word": "liþuz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for liþuz meaning in Proto-Germanic (5.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-08-20 using wiktextract (8e41825 and f99c758). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.