See gaumaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*gaum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *gaum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *gaum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*gōm"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *gōm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *gōm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "gôm",
"3": "goum"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: gôm, goum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: gôm, goum"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "gōm",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Old Frisian: gōm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Old Frisian: gōm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*gōm"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *gōm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *gōm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gôom"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: gôom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: gôom"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "goom"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: goom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: goom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*goum",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *goum m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *goum m; goum f"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "goum",
"3": "gām",
"g2": "m"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: goum, gām m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: goum, gām m; goume f"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Gaum",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "German: Gaum f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Gaum f"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gaumr",
"3": "gaum"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: gaumr, gaum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: gaumr, gaum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "gaumur",
"3": "gaum"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: gaumur, gaum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: gaumur, gaum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "geymur",
"3": "geymi"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: geymur, geymi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: geymur, geymi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "gaum",
"3": "åtgaum"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: gaum, åtgaum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: gaum, åtgaum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gome",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: gome",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: gome"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gaum",
"3": "gorm"
},
"expansion": "English: gaum, gorm",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "English: gaum, gorm (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "goam"
},
"expansion": "Scots: goam",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: goam"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gumption",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: gumption",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: gumption"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गूहति",
"3": "",
"4": "to hide"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit गूहति (gūhati, “to hide”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰewǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰewǵʰ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰáwšas",
"t": "noise, sound"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰáwšas (“noise, sound”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "گوش",
"t": "ear",
"tr": "gôš"
},
"expansion": "Persian گوش (gôš, “ear”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घुष्",
"t": "sound"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit घुष् (ghuṣ, “sound”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew-",
"t": "to perceive"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew- (“to perceive”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Kroonen reconstructs this word from earlier *gaugmaz (compare *draumaz), and connects it with Sanskrit गूहति (gūhati, “to hide”) (with analogical -ū-), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰewǵʰ-, *gʷʰewǵʰ-, assuming the original meaning was \"to heed, guard\".\nAlternatively, Mayrhofer connects this word with Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰáwšas (“noise, sound”) (whence Persian گوش (gôš, “ear”) and Sanskrit घुष् (ghuṣ, “sound”)), assuming an original form of Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew- (“to perceive”) from which both roots derive.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaumaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gaumijaną"
}
],
"glosses": [
"heed, attention"
],
"id": "en-gaumaz-gem-pro-noun-XdDPXBI3",
"links": [
[
"heed",
"heed"
],
[
"attention",
"attention"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "gumjaną"
},
{
"word": "gaumō"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɣɑu̯.mɑz/"
}
],
"word": "gaumaz"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "gaumijaną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*gaum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *gaum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *gaum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*gōm"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *gōm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *gōm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "gôm",
"3": "goum"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: gôm, goum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: gôm, goum"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "gōm",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Old Frisian: gōm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Old Frisian: gōm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*gōm"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *gōm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *gōm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gôom"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: gôom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: gôom"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "goom"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: goom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: goom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*goum",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *goum m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *goum m; goum f"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "goum",
"3": "gām",
"g2": "m"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: goum, gām m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: goum, gām m; goume f"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Gaum",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "German: Gaum f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Gaum f"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "gaumr",
"3": "gaum"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: gaumr, gaum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: gaumr, gaum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "gaumur",
"3": "gaum"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: gaumur, gaum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: gaumur, gaum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "geymur",
"3": "geymi"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: geymur, geymi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: geymur, geymi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "gaum",
"3": "åtgaum"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: gaum, åtgaum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: gaum, åtgaum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gome",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: gome",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: gome"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gaum",
"3": "gorm"
},
"expansion": "English: gaum, gorm",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "English: gaum, gorm (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "goam"
},
"expansion": "Scots: goam",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: goam"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gumption",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: gumption",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: gumption"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गूहति",
"3": "",
"4": "to hide"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit गूहति (gūhati, “to hide”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰewǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰewǵʰ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*gʰáwšas",
"t": "noise, sound"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰáwšas (“noise, sound”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "گوش",
"t": "ear",
"tr": "gôš"
},
"expansion": "Persian گوش (gôš, “ear”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "घुष्",
"t": "sound"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit घुष् (ghuṣ, “sound”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew-",
"t": "to perceive"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew- (“to perceive”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Kroonen reconstructs this word from earlier *gaugmaz (compare *draumaz), and connects it with Sanskrit गूहति (gūhati, “to hide”) (with analogical -ū-), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰewǵʰ-, *gʷʰewǵʰ-, assuming the original meaning was \"to heed, guard\".\nAlternatively, Mayrhofer connects this word with Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰáwšas (“noise, sound”) (whence Persian گوش (gôš, “ear”) and Sanskrit घुष् (ghuṣ, “sound”)), assuming an original form of Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew- (“to perceive”) from which both roots derive.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaumaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "gumjaną"
},
{
"word": "gaumō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"heed, attention"
],
"links": [
[
"heed",
"heed"
],
[
"attention",
"attention"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɣɑu̯.mɑz/"
}
],
"word": "gaumaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gaumaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.