"dunkalaz" meaning in Proto-Germanic

See dunkalaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /ˈduŋ.kɑ.lɑz/
Etymology: Zero-grade adjective related to *dinkwa-, *dankwaz (“dark”). Inflection templates: {{gem-decl-adj-a|dunkal}}, {{gem-decl-adj-table2|*dunkalaz|*dunkalanǭ|*dunkalas, -is|*dunkalammai|*dunkalanō|*dunkalai|*dunkalanz|*dunkalaizǫ̂|*dunkalaimaz|*dunkalaimiz|*dunkalō|*dunkalǭ|*dunkalaizōz|*dunkalaizōi|*dunkalaizō|*dunkalôz|*dunkalōz|*dunkalaizǫ̂|*dunkalaimaz|*dunkalaimiz|*dunkalą, -atō|*dunkalą, -atō|*dunkalas, -is|*dunkalammai|*dunkalanō|*dunkalō|*dunkalō|*dunkalaizǫ̂|*dunkalaimaz|*dunkalaimiz|*dunkalô|*dunkalanų|*dunkaliniz|*dunkalini|*dunkalinē|*dunkalaniz|*dunkalanunz|*dunkalanǫ̂|*dunkalammaz|*dunkalammiz|*dunkalǭ|*dunkalōnų|*dunkalōniz|*dunkalōni|*dunkalōnē|*dunkalōniz|*dunkalōnunz|*dunkalōnǫ̂|*dunkalōmaz|*dunkalōmiz|*dunkalô|*dunkalô|*dunkaliniz|*dunkalini|*dunkalinē|*dunkalōnō|*dunkalōnō|*dunkalanǫ̂|*dunkalammaz|*dunkalammiz|title=*dunkalaz (a-stem)}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], dunkalaz [masculine, nominative, singular, strong], dunkalai [masculine, nominative, plural, strong], dunkalō [feminine, nominative, singular, strong], dunkalôz [feminine, nominative, plural, strong], dunkalą [neuter, nominative, singular, strong], -atō [neuter, nominative, singular, strong], dunkalō [neuter, nominative, plural, strong], dunkalanǭ [accusative, masculine, singular, strong], dunkalanz [accusative, masculine, plural, strong], dunkalǭ [accusative, feminine, singular, strong], dunkalōz [accusative, feminine, plural, strong], dunkalą [accusative, neuter, singular, strong], -atō [accusative, neuter, singular, strong], dunkalō [accusative, neuter, plural, strong], dunkalas [genitive, masculine, singular, strong], -is [genitive, masculine, singular, strong], dunkalaizǫ̂ [genitive, masculine, plural, strong], dunkalaizōz [feminine, genitive, singular, strong], dunkalaizǫ̂ [feminine, genitive, plural, strong], dunkalas [genitive, neuter, singular, strong], -is [genitive, neuter, singular, strong], dunkalaizǫ̂ [genitive, neuter, plural, strong], dunkalammai [dative, masculine, singular, strong], dunkalaimaz [dative, masculine, plural, strong], dunkalaizōi [dative, feminine, singular, strong], dunkalaimaz [dative, feminine, plural, strong], dunkalammai [dative, neuter, singular, strong], dunkalaimaz [dative, neuter, plural, strong], dunkalanō [instrumental, masculine, singular, strong], dunkalaimiz [instrumental, masculine, plural, strong], dunkalaizō [feminine, instrumental, singular, strong], dunkalaimiz [feminine, instrumental, plural, strong], dunkalanō [instrumental, neuter, singular, strong], dunkalaimiz [instrumental, neuter, plural, strong], dunkalô [masculine, nominative, singular, weak], dunkalaniz [masculine, nominative, plural, weak], dunkalǭ [feminine, nominative, singular, weak], dunkalōniz [feminine, nominative, plural, weak], dunkalô [neuter, nominative, singular, weak], dunkalōnō [neuter, nominative, plural, weak], dunkalanų [accusative, masculine, singular, weak], dunkalanunz [accusative, masculine, plural, weak], dunkalōnų [accusative, feminine, singular, weak], dunkalōnunz [accusative, feminine, plural, weak], dunkalô [accusative, neuter, singular, weak], dunkalōnō [accusative, neuter, plural, weak], dunkaliniz [genitive, masculine, singular, weak], dunkalanǫ̂ [genitive, masculine, plural, weak], dunkalōniz [feminine, genitive, singular, weak], dunkalōnǫ̂ [feminine, genitive, plural, weak], dunkaliniz [genitive, neuter, singular, weak], dunkalanǫ̂ [genitive, neuter, plural, weak], dunkalini [dative, masculine, singular, weak], dunkalammaz [dative, masculine, plural, weak], dunkalōni [dative, feminine, singular, weak], dunkalōmaz [dative, feminine, plural, weak], dunkalini [dative, neuter, singular, weak], dunkalammaz [dative, neuter, plural, weak], dunkalinē [instrumental, masculine, singular, weak], dunkalammiz [instrumental, masculine, plural, weak], dunkalōnē [feminine, instrumental, singular, weak], dunkalōmiz [feminine, instrumental, plural, weak], dunkalinē [instrumental, neuter, singular, weak], dunkalammiz [instrumental, neuter, plural, weak]
  1. dark Tags: reconstruction Synonyms: derkaz, dunkaraz Derived forms: dunkalą, dunkalāną, dunkalį̄, dunkaljaną Related terms: dankwaz
    Sense id: en-dunkalaz-gem-pro-adj-5rtWib7s Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ofs",
            "2": "*diunkel",
            "3": "*dionkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Frisian: *diunkel, *dionkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Frisian: *diunkel, *dionkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "stq",
            "2": "djunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Saterland Frisian: djunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Saterland Frisian: djunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osx",
            "2": "dunkal"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Saxon: dunkal",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Saxon: dunkal"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gml",
            "2": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Low German: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Low German: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nds-de",
            "2": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "German Low German: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German Low German: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pdt",
            "2": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Plautdietsch: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Plautdietsch: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "da",
            "2": "dunkel",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Danish: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Danish: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nb",
            "2": "dunkel",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nn",
            "2": "dunkel",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sv",
            "2": "dunkel",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Swedish: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Swedish: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "odt",
            "2": "*dunkal",
            "3": "*dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Dutch: *dunkal, *dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Dutch: *dunkal, *dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dum",
            "2": "donkel",
            "3": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Dutch: donkel, dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Dutch: donkel, dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nl",
            "2": "donker"
          },
          "expansion": "Dutch: donker",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Dutch: donker"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "af",
            "2": "donker"
          },
          "expansion": "Afrikaans: donker",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Afrikaans: donker"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "tunkal",
            "3": "tuncal",
            "4": "tunchal"
          },
          "expansion": "Old High German: tunkal, tuncal, tunchal",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old High German: tunkal, tuncal, tunchal"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmh",
            "2": "tunkel",
            "3": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle High German: tunkel, dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle High German: tunkel, dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "German: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yi",
            "2": "טונקל"
          },
          "expansion": "Yiddish: טונקל (tunkl)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Yiddish: טונקל (tunkl)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Zero-grade adjective related to *dinkwa-, *dankwaz (“dark”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-adj-a",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalôz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-atō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-atō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-is",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-is",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkaliniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkaliniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalini",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalini",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalinē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōmiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalinē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dunkal"
      },
      "name": "gem-decl-adj-a"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*dunkalaz",
        "10": "*dunkalaimiz",
        "11": "*dunkalō",
        "12": "*dunkalǭ",
        "13": "*dunkalaizōz",
        "14": "*dunkalaizōi",
        "15": "*dunkalaizō",
        "16": "*dunkalôz",
        "17": "*dunkalōz",
        "18": "*dunkalaizǫ̂",
        "19": "*dunkalaimaz",
        "2": "*dunkalanǭ",
        "20": "*dunkalaimiz",
        "21": "*dunkalą, -atō",
        "22": "*dunkalą, -atō",
        "23": "*dunkalas, -is",
        "24": "*dunkalammai",
        "25": "*dunkalanō",
        "26": "*dunkalō",
        "27": "*dunkalō",
        "28": "*dunkalaizǫ̂",
        "29": "*dunkalaimaz",
        "3": "*dunkalas, -is",
        "30": "*dunkalaimiz",
        "31": "*dunkalô",
        "32": "*dunkalanų",
        "33": "*dunkaliniz",
        "34": "*dunkalini",
        "35": "*dunkalinē",
        "36": "*dunkalaniz",
        "37": "*dunkalanunz",
        "38": "*dunkalanǫ̂",
        "39": "*dunkalammaz",
        "4": "*dunkalammai",
        "40": "*dunkalammiz",
        "41": "*dunkalǭ",
        "42": "*dunkalōnų",
        "43": "*dunkalōniz",
        "44": "*dunkalōni",
        "45": "*dunkalōnē",
        "46": "*dunkalōniz",
        "47": "*dunkalōnunz",
        "48": "*dunkalōnǫ̂",
        "49": "*dunkalōmaz",
        "5": "*dunkalanō",
        "50": "*dunkalōmiz",
        "51": "*dunkalô",
        "52": "*dunkalô",
        "53": "*dunkaliniz",
        "54": "*dunkalini",
        "55": "*dunkalinē",
        "56": "*dunkalōnō",
        "57": "*dunkalōnō",
        "58": "*dunkalanǫ̂",
        "59": "*dunkalammaz",
        "6": "*dunkalai",
        "60": "*dunkalammiz",
        "7": "*dunkalanz",
        "8": "*dunkalaizǫ̂",
        "9": "*dunkalaimaz",
        "title": "*dunkalaz (a-stem)"
      },
      "name": "gem-decl-adj-table2"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunkalaz",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "dunkalą"
        },
        {
          "word": "dunkalāną"
        },
        {
          "word": "dunkalį̄"
        },
        {
          "word": "dunkaljaną"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "dark"
      ],
      "id": "en-dunkalaz-gem-pro-adj-5rtWib7s",
      "links": [
        [
          "dark",
          "dark"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "dankwaz"
        }
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "derkaz"
        },
        {
          "word": "dunkaraz"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈduŋ.kɑ.lɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "dunkalaz"
}
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "dunkalą"
    },
    {
      "word": "dunkalāną"
    },
    {
      "word": "dunkalį̄"
    },
    {
      "word": "dunkaljaną"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ofs",
            "2": "*diunkel",
            "3": "*dionkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Frisian: *diunkel, *dionkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Frisian: *diunkel, *dionkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "stq",
            "2": "djunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Saterland Frisian: djunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Saterland Frisian: djunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osx",
            "2": "dunkal"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Saxon: dunkal",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Saxon: dunkal"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gml",
            "2": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Low German: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Low German: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nds-de",
            "2": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "German Low German: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German Low German: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pdt",
            "2": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Plautdietsch: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Plautdietsch: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "da",
            "2": "dunkel",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Danish: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Danish: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nb",
            "2": "dunkel",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nn",
            "2": "dunkel",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sv",
            "2": "dunkel",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Swedish: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Swedish: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "odt",
            "2": "*dunkal",
            "3": "*dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Dutch: *dunkal, *dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Dutch: *dunkal, *dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dum",
            "2": "donkel",
            "3": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Dutch: donkel, dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Dutch: donkel, dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nl",
            "2": "donker"
          },
          "expansion": "Dutch: donker",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Dutch: donker"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "af",
            "2": "donker"
          },
          "expansion": "Afrikaans: donker",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Afrikaans: donker"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "tunkal",
            "3": "tuncal",
            "4": "tunchal"
          },
          "expansion": "Old High German: tunkal, tuncal, tunchal",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old High German: tunkal, tuncal, tunchal"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmh",
            "2": "tunkel",
            "3": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle High German: tunkel, dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle High German: tunkel, dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "dunkel"
          },
          "expansion": "German: dunkel",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German: dunkel"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yi",
            "2": "טונקל"
          },
          "expansion": "Yiddish: טונקל (tunkl)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Yiddish: טונקל (tunkl)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Zero-grade adjective related to *dinkwa-, *dankwaz (“dark”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-adj-a",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalôz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-atō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-atō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-is",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-is",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaizō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalaniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkaliniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkaliniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalini",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalini",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalinē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalōmiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalinē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dunkalammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dunkal"
      },
      "name": "gem-decl-adj-a"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*dunkalaz",
        "10": "*dunkalaimiz",
        "11": "*dunkalō",
        "12": "*dunkalǭ",
        "13": "*dunkalaizōz",
        "14": "*dunkalaizōi",
        "15": "*dunkalaizō",
        "16": "*dunkalôz",
        "17": "*dunkalōz",
        "18": "*dunkalaizǫ̂",
        "19": "*dunkalaimaz",
        "2": "*dunkalanǭ",
        "20": "*dunkalaimiz",
        "21": "*dunkalą, -atō",
        "22": "*dunkalą, -atō",
        "23": "*dunkalas, -is",
        "24": "*dunkalammai",
        "25": "*dunkalanō",
        "26": "*dunkalō",
        "27": "*dunkalō",
        "28": "*dunkalaizǫ̂",
        "29": "*dunkalaimaz",
        "3": "*dunkalas, -is",
        "30": "*dunkalaimiz",
        "31": "*dunkalô",
        "32": "*dunkalanų",
        "33": "*dunkaliniz",
        "34": "*dunkalini",
        "35": "*dunkalinē",
        "36": "*dunkalaniz",
        "37": "*dunkalanunz",
        "38": "*dunkalanǫ̂",
        "39": "*dunkalammaz",
        "4": "*dunkalammai",
        "40": "*dunkalammiz",
        "41": "*dunkalǭ",
        "42": "*dunkalōnų",
        "43": "*dunkalōniz",
        "44": "*dunkalōni",
        "45": "*dunkalōnē",
        "46": "*dunkalōniz",
        "47": "*dunkalōnunz",
        "48": "*dunkalōnǫ̂",
        "49": "*dunkalōmaz",
        "5": "*dunkalanō",
        "50": "*dunkalōmiz",
        "51": "*dunkalô",
        "52": "*dunkalô",
        "53": "*dunkaliniz",
        "54": "*dunkalini",
        "55": "*dunkalinē",
        "56": "*dunkalōnō",
        "57": "*dunkalōnō",
        "58": "*dunkalanǫ̂",
        "59": "*dunkalammaz",
        "6": "*dunkalai",
        "60": "*dunkalammiz",
        "7": "*dunkalanz",
        "8": "*dunkalaizǫ̂",
        "9": "*dunkalaimaz",
        "title": "*dunkalaz (a-stem)"
      },
      "name": "gem-decl-adj-table2"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunkalaz",
  "pos": "adj",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "dankwaz"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-Germanic a-stem adjectives",
        "Proto-Germanic adjectives",
        "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Germanic lemmas"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "dark"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "dark",
          "dark"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈduŋ.kɑ.lɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "derkaz"
    },
    {
      "word": "dunkaraz"
    }
  ],
  "word": "dunkalaz"
}

Download raw JSONL data for dunkalaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (11.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.