See draugiz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "drauhnōną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drye"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drie"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "dri"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drige"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "dryge"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drüȝe"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "drȳġe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drye"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drie"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "dri"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drige"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "dryge"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drüȝe"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"or < *drūgī"
],
"word": "drīġe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dröge"
}
],
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "dröög"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dröge"
}
],
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "dröge"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "drôge"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "*drōgi"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "droog"
},
{
"lang": "Berbice Creole Dutch",
"lang_code": "brc",
"word": "droko"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "droog"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "drok"
},
{
"lang": "Skepi Creole Dutch",
"lang_code": "skw",
"word": "dróg"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "droech"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "droog"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "drôghe"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*drougi"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "droog"
},
{
"lang": "Berbice Creole Dutch",
"lang_code": "brc",
"word": "droko"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "droog"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "drok"
},
{
"lang": "Skepi Creole Dutch",
"lang_code": "skw",
"word": "dróg"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "droech"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "droog"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "drôghe"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*drōgi"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*draugī"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "draugur"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "draugr"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"t": "to strengthen; become hard or solid"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard or solid”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*druknaz",
"t": "dry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *druknaz (“dry”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Seemingly from a Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard or solid”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”). Related to Proto-Germanic *druknaz (“dry”); see there for more.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "draugiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugį",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugį",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/draugiz",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "drūgiz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "druhnaz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "druknaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hard, solid"
],
"id": "en-draugiz-gem-pro-adj-G0tAbmfn",
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"solid",
"solid"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Proto-Germanic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "22 78",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 92",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 85",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dry"
],
"id": "en-draugiz-gem-pro-adj-t1XLJIw8",
"links": [
[
"dry",
"dry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(West Germanic) dry"
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdrɑu̯.ɣiz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "draugiz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic i-stem adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "drauhnōną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drye"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drie"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "dri"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drige"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "dryge"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drüȝe"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "drȳġe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drye"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drie"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "dri"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drige"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "dryge"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "dry"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drey"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "drüȝe"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"or < *drūgī"
],
"word": "drīġe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dröge"
}
],
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "dröög"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dröge"
}
],
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "dröge"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "drôge"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "*drōgi"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "droog"
},
{
"lang": "Berbice Creole Dutch",
"lang_code": "brc",
"word": "droko"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "droog"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "drok"
},
{
"lang": "Skepi Creole Dutch",
"lang_code": "skw",
"word": "dróg"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "droech"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "droog"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "drôghe"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*drougi"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "droog"
},
{
"lang": "Berbice Creole Dutch",
"lang_code": "brc",
"word": "droko"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "droog"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "drok"
},
{
"lang": "Skepi Creole Dutch",
"lang_code": "skw",
"word": "dróg"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "droech"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "droog"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "drôghe"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*drōgi"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*draugī"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "draugur"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "draugr"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"t": "to strengthen; become hard or solid"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard or solid”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*druknaz",
"t": "dry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *druknaz (“dry”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Seemingly from a Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard or solid”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”). Related to Proto-Germanic *druknaz (“dry”); see there for more.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "draugiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugį",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugį",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaizō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugīnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "draugijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/draugiz",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "drūgiz"
},
{
"word": "druhnaz"
},
{
"word": "druknaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hard, solid"
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"solid",
"solid"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"West Proto-Germanic"
],
"glosses": [
"dry"
],
"links": [
[
"dry",
"dry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(West Germanic) dry"
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdrɑu̯.ɣiz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "draugiz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for draugiz meaning in Proto-Germanic (13.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.