See lehmä in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "lehm"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: lehm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: lehm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "lehmä"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: lehmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: lehmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "lehmä"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: lehmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: lehmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Karelian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Karelian: lehmä"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Karelian: lehmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Livonian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Courland Livonian: nī’em, nī’emõ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Vidzeme Livonian: niem, niema"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "lehmy"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: lehmy",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: lehmy"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lud",
"2": "lehm"
},
"expansion": "Ludian: lehm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ludian: lehm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "lehm"
},
"expansion": "Veps: lehm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: lehm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "lehm"
},
"expansion": "Võro: lehm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: lehm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "lehme"
},
"expansion": "Votic: lehme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: lehme"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sjk",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "lehme"
},
"expansion": "→ Kemi Sami: [Term?] (lehme)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Kemi Sami: [Term?] (lehme)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sms",
"2": "leäʹhm",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Skolt Sami: leäʹhm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Skolt Sami: leäʹhm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sia",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "lehm"
},
"expansion": "→ Akkala Sami: [script needed] (lehm)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Akkala Sami: [script needed] (lehm)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sjd",
"2": "лӣхемь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Kildin Sami: лӣхемь (līxjem’)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Kildin Sami: лӣхемь (līxjem’)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sjt",
"2": "limme",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ter Sami: limme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ter Sami: limme"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "лейма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: лейма (lejma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: лейма (lejma)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-fpr-pro",
"3": "*lešmä"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finno-Permic *lešmä",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लक्ष्मी"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit लक्ष्मी (lakṣmī)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finno-Permic *lešmä, possibly borrowed from a substrate language (the Pre-West Uralic agricultural substrate). Has also been hypothetized to be associated with the phonetically quite similar *lëhmus (“lime; soft wood”), through a sense development \"soft\" > \"tame\" > \"domestic animal\". Alternately, Katz (2003) speculates on borrowing from pre-Indo-Iranian *lekšma- (“marked”) (compare Sanskrit लक्ष्मी (lakṣmī), लक्ष्मन् (lakṣman)), through the meaning \"animal marked as owned\".",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmäden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeiden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmädä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeidä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmässä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmähnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeissä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeihnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmästä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeistä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmähen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeihen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmällä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeillä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmältä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeiltä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmälen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmälek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeilen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeilek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmänä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeinä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmäksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmein",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmänek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeinek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmättä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeittä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lehmä"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/lehmä",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic nominals by type/a-ei",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "härkä"
},
{
"word": "karja"
},
{
"word": "sonni"
},
{
"word": "vasikka"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cow"
],
"id": "en-lehmä-urj-fin-pro-noun-vrE0dUkQ",
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "lehmä"
}
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "härkä"
},
{
"word": "karja"
},
{
"word": "sonni"
},
{
"word": "vasikka"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "lehm"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: lehm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: lehm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "lehmä"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: lehmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: lehmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "lehmä"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: lehmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: lehmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Karelian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Karelian: lehmä"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Karelian: lehmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Livonian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Courland Livonian: nī’em, nī’emõ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Vidzeme Livonian: niem, niema"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "lehmy"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: lehmy",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: lehmy"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lud",
"2": "lehm"
},
"expansion": "Ludian: lehm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ludian: lehm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "lehm"
},
"expansion": "Veps: lehm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: lehm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "lehm"
},
"expansion": "Võro: lehm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: lehm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "lehme"
},
"expansion": "Votic: lehme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: lehme"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sjk",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "lehme"
},
"expansion": "→ Kemi Sami: [Term?] (lehme)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Kemi Sami: [Term?] (lehme)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sms",
"2": "leäʹhm",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Skolt Sami: leäʹhm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Skolt Sami: leäʹhm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sia",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "lehm"
},
"expansion": "→ Akkala Sami: [script needed] (lehm)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Akkala Sami: [script needed] (lehm)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sjd",
"2": "лӣхемь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Kildin Sami: лӣхемь (līxjem’)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Kildin Sami: лӣхемь (līxjem’)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sjt",
"2": "limme",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ter Sami: limme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ter Sami: limme"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "лейма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: лейма (lejma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: лейма (lejma)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-fpr-pro",
"3": "*lešmä"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finno-Permic *lešmä",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लक्ष्मी"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit लक्ष्मी (lakṣmī)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finno-Permic *lešmä, possibly borrowed from a substrate language (the Pre-West Uralic agricultural substrate). Has also been hypothetized to be associated with the phonetically quite similar *lëhmus (“lime; soft wood”), through a sense development \"soft\" > \"tame\" > \"domestic animal\". Alternately, Katz (2003) speculates on borrowing from pre-Indo-Iranian *lekšma- (“marked”) (compare Sanskrit लक्ष्मी (lakṣmī), लक्ष्मन् (lakṣman)), through the meaning \"animal marked as owned\".",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmäden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeiden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmädä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeidä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmässä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmähnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeissä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeihnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmästä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeistä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmähen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeihen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmällä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeillä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmältä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeiltä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmälen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmälek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeilen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeilek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmänä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeinä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmäksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmein",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmänek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeinek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmättä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lehmeittä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lehmä"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/lehmä",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic nominals by type/a-ei",
"Proto-Finnic nouns",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Finno-Permic",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from substrate languages",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Finno-Permic",
"urj-fin-pro:Bovines"
],
"glosses": [
"cow"
],
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "lehmä"
}
Download raw JSONL data for lehmä meaning in Proto-Finnic (7.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Finnic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.