See essi in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for essi meaning in Proto-Celtic (17.6kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "esat"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton: esat",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Breton: esat"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ysu"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: ysu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: ysu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ithid"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ithid",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ithid"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "ith"
},
"expansion": "Irish: ith",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: ith"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "ee"
},
"expansion": "Manx: ee",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manx: ee"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "ith"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: ith",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: ith"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁ed-",
"t": "to eat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸarnati"
},
"expansion": "*ɸarnati",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸityā"
},
"expansion": "*ɸityā",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸitu",
"t": "corn, grain"
},
"expansion": "*ɸitu (“corn, grain”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁édti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸityā"
},
"expansion": "*ɸityā",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*-yā"
},
"expansion": "*-yā",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ithe"
},
"expansion": "ithe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸibeti"
},
"expansion": "*ɸibeti",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸibeti"
},
"expansion": "*ɸibeti",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸibeti"
},
"expansion": "*ɸibeti",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ithid"
},
"expansion": "ithid",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ibid"
},
"expansion": "ibid",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸibeti"
},
"expansion": "*ɸibeti",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ibid"
},
"expansion": "ibid",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Virtually everyone agrees that this verb came from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”). However, the present stem of this verb is one of the most controversial to reconstruct in Proto-Celtic, only matched in controversy with the preterite of *ɸarnati. There are two major theories on how the Goidelic present stem ith- came to be, all of them attributing it to an analogical reformation based on the root *ɸit- that is present in the verbal noun *ɸityā in addition to *ɸitu (“corn, grain”). The steps leading to the suppletion remain up for debate.\n* McCone and the KPV reconstruct an original athematic Narten present, leading to Celtic *īd- in the singular and *ed- in the plural. They then have the ablaut reshaped to respectively *īd- and *id- and then harmonized to *id- for both singular and plural. Then, after the loss of initial ɸ in Insular Celtic, stem id- was replaced with it- and thematised.\n* Lindeman and Sandell, finding no other secure Indo-European evidence of a Narten present formation for this verb, independently prefer a simple direct derivation from the e/zero-grade athematic Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti, which would lead to an extremely anomalous Proto-Celtic paradigm *edmi, *essi, *essi, etc. which was ripe for replacement by a simpler suppletive formation. After a further thematicisation to *esseti, Lindeman and Sandell posit different motivations for the later suppletion.\n** Lindeman thought that the suppletion was caused by the newly thematic present being identical with its own subjunctive, with a new present stem that was very distinct from the subjunctive stem being desired.\n** Sandell instead draws on the verbal noun *ɸityā itself as the trigger for analogy. He notes that many Old Irish verbal nouns in -e (from Proto-Celtic *-yā) correspond to B I (and some B II) verbs with transparent relationships between the present stem and the verbal noun. The lack of transparency between the original present stem and the verbal noun ithe in Old Irish led to remodeling with a present stem ith- to match.\n* Matasović attempts to substitute KPV and McCone's Narten present with an i-reduplicated *ɸibeti-style present. Sandell dismisses Matasović's derivation for lacking a subsequent mechanism to reach a short i- stage from the resulting *īdeti.\n** Matasović's derivation can be salvaged by assuming that *ɸibeti itself intervened to force a short i. Influence of *ɸibeti is not unparalleled, as KPV attributes ithid's a-future to analogy with ibid, which descends from *ɸibeti and also has an a-future (although ibid also acquired its a-future secondarily).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-conj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "edmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "āda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "etsi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ādas?",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītseti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "āde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "edmosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsomosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ādmo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "essesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsetesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "āsse",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "denti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "edenti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ādar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "etsesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "etseti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsomosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "etsetesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsūr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsetar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsetor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsommor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsedwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsūr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "etsetar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "etsetor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsommor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "etsedwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-conj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "essos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "essoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "esse",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "essoms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "essom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essūi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essobom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "essobos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essobim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "essobis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "essās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "essams",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "essābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "essābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "verb",
"cat2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*essi",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ed",
"2": "īt",
"3": "ād",
"4": "ess",
"5": "ets"
},
"name": "cel-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/essi",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to eat"
],
"id": "en-essi-cel-pro-verb-Unr3wQmn",
"links": [
[
"eat",
"eat"
]
],
"related": [
{
"english": "corn, grain",
"word": "ɸitu"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Narten present"
]
}
],
"word": "essi"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "esat"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton: esat",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Breton: esat"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ysu"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: ysu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: ysu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ithid"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ithid",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ithid"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "ith"
},
"expansion": "Irish: ith",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: ith"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "ee"
},
"expansion": "Manx: ee",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manx: ee"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "ith"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: ith",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: ith"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁ed-",
"t": "to eat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸarnati"
},
"expansion": "*ɸarnati",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸityā"
},
"expansion": "*ɸityā",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸitu",
"t": "corn, grain"
},
"expansion": "*ɸitu (“corn, grain”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁édti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸityā"
},
"expansion": "*ɸityā",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*-yā"
},
"expansion": "*-yā",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ithe"
},
"expansion": "ithe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸibeti"
},
"expansion": "*ɸibeti",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸibeti"
},
"expansion": "*ɸibeti",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸibeti"
},
"expansion": "*ɸibeti",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ithid"
},
"expansion": "ithid",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ibid"
},
"expansion": "ibid",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸibeti"
},
"expansion": "*ɸibeti",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ibid"
},
"expansion": "ibid",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Virtually everyone agrees that this verb came from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”). However, the present stem of this verb is one of the most controversial to reconstruct in Proto-Celtic, only matched in controversy with the preterite of *ɸarnati. There are two major theories on how the Goidelic present stem ith- came to be, all of them attributing it to an analogical reformation based on the root *ɸit- that is present in the verbal noun *ɸityā in addition to *ɸitu (“corn, grain”). The steps leading to the suppletion remain up for debate.\n* McCone and the KPV reconstruct an original athematic Narten present, leading to Celtic *īd- in the singular and *ed- in the plural. They then have the ablaut reshaped to respectively *īd- and *id- and then harmonized to *id- for both singular and plural. Then, after the loss of initial ɸ in Insular Celtic, stem id- was replaced with it- and thematised.\n* Lindeman and Sandell, finding no other secure Indo-European evidence of a Narten present formation for this verb, independently prefer a simple direct derivation from the e/zero-grade athematic Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti, which would lead to an extremely anomalous Proto-Celtic paradigm *edmi, *essi, *essi, etc. which was ripe for replacement by a simpler suppletive formation. After a further thematicisation to *esseti, Lindeman and Sandell posit different motivations for the later suppletion.\n** Lindeman thought that the suppletion was caused by the newly thematic present being identical with its own subjunctive, with a new present stem that was very distinct from the subjunctive stem being desired.\n** Sandell instead draws on the verbal noun *ɸityā itself as the trigger for analogy. He notes that many Old Irish verbal nouns in -e (from Proto-Celtic *-yā) correspond to B I (and some B II) verbs with transparent relationships between the present stem and the verbal noun. The lack of transparency between the original present stem and the verbal noun ithe in Old Irish led to remodeling with a present stem ith- to match.\n* Matasović attempts to substitute KPV and McCone's Narten present with an i-reduplicated *ɸibeti-style present. Sandell dismisses Matasović's derivation for lacking a subsequent mechanism to reach a short i- stage from the resulting *īdeti.\n** Matasović's derivation can be salvaged by assuming that *ɸibeti itself intervened to force a short i. Influence of *ɸibeti is not unparalleled, as KPV attributes ithid's a-future to analogy with ibid, which descends from *ɸibeti and also has an a-future (although ibid also acquired its a-future secondarily).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-conj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "edmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "āda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "etsi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ādas?",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītseti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "āde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "edmosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsomosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ādmo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "essesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsetesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "āsse",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "denti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "edenti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ādar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "etsesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "etseti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsomosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "etsetesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsūr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsetar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsetor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsommor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsedwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ītsontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsūr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "etsetar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "etsetor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsommor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "etsedwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "etsontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-conj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "essos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "essoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "esse",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "essoms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "essom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essūi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essobom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "essobos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essobim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "essobis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "essās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "essams",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "essābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "essābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "essā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "essom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "essā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "verb",
"cat2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*essi",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ed",
"2": "īt",
"3": "ād",
"4": "ess",
"5": "ets"
},
"name": "cel-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/essi",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"english": "corn, grain",
"word": "ɸitu"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Celtic verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to eat"
],
"links": [
[
"eat",
"eat"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Narten present"
]
}
],
"word": "essi"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (1d5a7d1 and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.