See kto in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "inh",
"3": "zlw-opl>kto>who",
"id": "who",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷ-\nProto-Indo-European *kʷós\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kas\nProto-Indo-European *só\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tas\nProto-Slavic *tъ\nProto-Slavic *to\nProto-Slavic *kъto\nOld Polish kto\nPolish kto",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "ine-bsl-pro",
"4": "ine-pro",
"inh": "3"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "kto",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish kto",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "kto"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish kto",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷ-\nProto-Indo-European *kʷós\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kas\nProto-Indo-European *só\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tas\nProto-Slavic *tъ\nProto-Slavic *to\nProto-Slavic *kъto\nOld Polish kto\nPolish kto\nInherited from Old Polish kto.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chto",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tko",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fto",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "pronoun",
"g": "m-pr"
},
"expansion": "kto m pers",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kto"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 38 38",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"who"
],
"id": "en-kto-pl-pron-btAzcUC9",
"links": [
[
"who",
"who"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(interrogative) who"
],
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 38 38",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"who"
],
"id": "en-kto-pl-pron-btAzcUC91",
"links": [
[
"who",
"who"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(relative) who"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person",
"relative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/",
"note": "Kuyavia"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔ"
}
],
"word": "kto"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "inh",
"3": "zlw-opl>kto>who",
"id": "who",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷ-\nProto-Indo-European *kʷós\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kas\nProto-Indo-European *só\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tas\nProto-Slavic *tъ\nProto-Slavic *to\nProto-Slavic *kъto\nOld Polish kto\nPolish kto",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "ine-bsl-pro",
"4": "ine-pro",
"inh": "3"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "kto",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish kto",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "kto"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish kto",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷ-\nProto-Indo-European *kʷós\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kas\nProto-Indo-European *só\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tas\nProto-Slavic *tъ\nProto-Slavic *to\nProto-Slavic *kъto\nOld Polish kto\nPolish kto\nInherited from Old Polish kto.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-sing",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kto",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kogo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "komu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kogo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kto",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "chto",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tko",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fto",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr"
},
"expansion": "kto m pers",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kto"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kto",
"2": "kogo",
"3": "komu",
"4": "kogo",
"5": "kim",
"6": "kim",
"7": "kto"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-sing"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 38 38",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ktoś"
},
{
"word": "nikt"
}
],
"glosses": [
"someone"
],
"id": "en-kto-pl-noun-KlnVnjgJ",
"links": [
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(indefinite) someone"
],
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/",
"note": "Kuyavia"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔ"
}
],
"word": "kto"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish pronouns",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷ-",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔ",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔ/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "inh",
"3": "zlw-opl>kto>who",
"id": "who",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷ-\nProto-Indo-European *kʷós\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kas\nProto-Indo-European *só\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tas\nProto-Slavic *tъ\nProto-Slavic *to\nProto-Slavic *kъto\nOld Polish kto\nPolish kto",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "ine-bsl-pro",
"4": "ine-pro",
"inh": "3"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "kto",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish kto",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "kto"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish kto",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷ-\nProto-Indo-European *kʷós\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kas\nProto-Indo-European *só\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tas\nProto-Slavic *tъ\nProto-Slavic *to\nProto-Slavic *kъto\nOld Polish kto\nPolish kto\nInherited from Old Polish kto.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chto",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tko",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fto",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "pronoun",
"g": "m-pr"
},
"expansion": "kto m pers",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kto"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"who"
],
"links": [
[
"who",
"who"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(interrogative) who"
],
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"who"
],
"links": [
[
"who",
"who"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(relative) who"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person",
"relative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/",
"note": "Kuyavia"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔ"
}
],
"word": "kto"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish pronouns",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷ-",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔ",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔ/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ktoś"
},
{
"word": "nikt"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "inh",
"3": "zlw-opl>kto>who",
"id": "who",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷ-\nProto-Indo-European *kʷós\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kas\nProto-Indo-European *só\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tas\nProto-Slavic *tъ\nProto-Slavic *to\nProto-Slavic *kъto\nOld Polish kto\nPolish kto",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "ine-bsl-pro",
"4": "ine-pro",
"inh": "3"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "kto",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish kto",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "kto"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish kto",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷ-\nProto-Indo-European *kʷós\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kas\nProto-Indo-European *só\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tas\nProto-Slavic *tъ\nProto-Slavic *to\nProto-Slavic *kъto\nOld Polish kto\nPolish kto\nInherited from Old Polish kto.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-sing",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kto",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kogo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "komu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kogo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kto",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "chto",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tko",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fto",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr"
},
"expansion": "kto m pers",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kto"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kto",
"2": "kogo",
"3": "komu",
"4": "kogo",
"5": "kim",
"6": "kim",
"7": "kto"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-sing"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"someone"
],
"links": [
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(indefinite) someone"
],
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈktɔ/",
"note": "Kuyavia"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔ"
}
],
"word": "kto"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kto meaning in Polish (6.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (074e7de and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.