See by in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"combined-form",
"object-singular",
"object-third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "by",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"combined-form",
"object-plural",
"object-third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "conjunction"
},
"expansion": "by",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"by"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-combined-forms"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "conj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
8
],
[
11,
13
]
],
"english": "I'd like her to go home.",
"text": "Chciałbym, by poszła do domu.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:",
"creates a subordinate clause expressing desire or wish; to, so that, for that, in order to"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "past-cl"
},
"expansion": "[with past-tense clause]",
"extra_data": {
"words": [
"past-tense",
"clause"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"subjunctive mood",
"subjunctive mood#English"
],
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"so that",
"so that"
],
[
"for that",
"for that"
],
[
"in order to",
"in order to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:",
"creates a subordinate clause expressing desire or wish; to, so that, for that, in order to [with past-tense clause]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aby"
},
{
"word": "ażeby"
},
{
"word": "żeby"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Near-synonyms: bodaj, bodajby, byle, byleby, niech, niechaj, niechajże, niechby, niechże, oby"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
1,
10
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "I'd better passed this exam.",
"text": "Bym zdał ten egzamin.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:",
"creates an optative clause; if only, had better, let"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "past-cl"
},
"expansion": "[with past-tense clause]",
"extra_data": {
"words": [
"past-tense",
"clause"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"subjunctive mood",
"subjunctive mood#English"
],
[
"optative",
"optative#English"
],
[
"if only",
"if only"
],
[
"had better",
"had better"
],
[
"let",
"let"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:",
"creates an optative clause; if only, had better, let [with past-tense clause]"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
29,
31
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
28,
30
]
],
"english": "I'll move some stuff around, to make space for more.",
"text": "Poprzekładam trochę rzeczy, by zrobić miejsce na więcej.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:",
"creates a subordinate clause expressing aim or purpose, one's goal; to, so that, for that, in order to"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "inf"
},
"expansion": "[with infinitive]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"subjunctive mood",
"subjunctive mood#English"
],
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"so that",
"so that"
],
[
"for that",
"for that"
],
[
"in order to",
"in order to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:",
"creates a subordinate clause expressing aim or purpose, one's goal; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aby"
},
{
"word": "ażeby"
},
{
"word": "żeby"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
9,
11
],
[
23,
25
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
21,
23
]
],
"english": "You have to finish it, to start the next one.",
"text": "Musisz to dokończyć, by zacząć następne.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:",
"creates a subordinate clause in which one states the possibility of something depends on something else; to, so that, for that, in order to"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "inf"
},
"expansion": "[with infinitive]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"subjunctive mood",
"subjunctive mood#English"
],
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"so that",
"so that"
],
[
"for that",
"for that"
],
[
"in order to",
"in order to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:",
"creates a subordinate clause in which one states the possibility of something depends on something else; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aby"
},
{
"word": "ażeby"
},
{
"word": "żeby"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:",
"introduces a subordinate clause relating a following event with a previous one that is not caused by the first event; just to, only to"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "inf"
},
"expansion": "[with infinitive]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"subjunctive mood",
"subjunctive mood#English"
],
[
"just to",
"just to"
],
[
"only to",
"only to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:",
"introduces a subordinate clause relating a following event with a previous one that is not caused by the first event; just to, only to [with infinitive]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aby"
},
{
"word": "ażeby"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:",
"introduces a subordinate clause expression doubt; if"
],
"links": [
[
"subjunctive mood",
"subjunctive mood#English"
],
[
"if",
"if"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ażeby"
},
{
"word": "żeby"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɘ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bɨ/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɘ/",
"note": "Żywiec"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɘ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pl:Ida Kurcz"
],
"word": "by"
}
Download raw JSONL data for by meaning in Polish (10.8kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Żywiec",
"path": [
"by"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "particle",
"title": "by",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Żywiec",
"path": [
"by"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "particle",
"title": "by",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (aeaf2a1 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.