See yvel in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "evil"
},
"expansion": "English: evil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: evil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "evil"
},
"expansion": "Scots: evil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: evil"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "yfel"
},
"expansion": "Old English yfel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*ubil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *ubil",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*ubilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ubilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English yfel, from Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, of disputed further etymology.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "yvele",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "yvele",
"tags": [
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "worse",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "worst",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "uvel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evill",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "eveyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ifel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "yfel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ufel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eovel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ifell",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "uvel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"West-Midlands"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "plural and weak singular",
"4": "yvele",
"5": "comparative",
"6": "worse",
"7": "superlative",
"8": "worst",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "yvel (plural and weak singular yvele, comparative worse, superlative worst)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "yvele",
"2": "worse",
"3": "worst"
},
"expansion": "yvel (plural and weak singular yvele, comparative worse, superlative worst)",
"name": "enm-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "yvel doer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "yvelen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "yvel fare"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "yvelnesse"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "yvel wille"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Morally evil; iniquitous, malign"
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adj-enm:evil",
"links": [
[
"iniquitous",
"iniquitous"
],
[
"malign",
"malign"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:evil"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Pathology",
"orig": "enm:Pathology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Causing harm; injurious, damaging:",
"infected, abnormal"
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adj-GGG1G0Ar",
"links": [
[
"injurious",
"injurious"
],
[
"damaging",
"damaging"
],
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"infected",
"infected"
],
[
"abnormal",
"abnormal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Causing harm; injurious, damaging:",
"(pathology) infected, abnormal"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 3 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Religion",
"orig": "enm:Religion",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Causing harm; injurious, damaging:",
"Causing trouble; tendentious, irascible"
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adj-IXyfZRK-",
"links": [
[
"injurious",
"injurious"
],
[
"damaging",
"damaging"
],
[
"tendentious",
"tendentious"
],
[
"irascible",
"irascible"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Not pleasing; unpleasant, foul."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adj-~iouVKCY",
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"foul",
"foul"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 6 6 3 7 1 1 8 5 3 8 8 8 8 7 0 1 6 1 2 2 2 2 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 5 5 3 9 1 0 9 10 3 8 8 8 8 5 1 0 5 0 1 1 1 3 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Worthy of pity; pitiful, sorry."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adj-A9Z-COxw",
"links": [
[
"pitiful",
"pitiful"
],
[
"sorry",
"sorry"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Having bad fortune; unlucky, unfortunate"
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adj-i3aIT8FV",
"links": [
[
"unlucky",
"unlucky"
],
[
"unfortunate",
"unfortunate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of poor design or manufacture; bad, shoddy"
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adj-X-HoKnzk",
"links": [
[
"design",
"design"
],
[
"manufacture",
"manufacture"
],
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"shoddy",
"shoddy"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 6 6 3 7 1 1 8 5 3 8 8 8 8 7 0 1 6 1 2 2 2 2 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 5 5 3 9 1 0 9 10 3 8 8 8 8 5 1 0 5 0 1 1 1 3 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Disparaging, negative, uncomplimentary."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adj-zV1CV9ZP",
"links": [
[
"negative",
"negative"
],
[
"uncomplimentary",
"uncomplimentary"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 5 5 5 5 2 2 7 10 5 5 6 6 6 5 2 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 5 5 5 6 1 1 8 11 5 8 8 8 8 6 0 1 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 5 5 3 9 1 0 9 10 3 8 8 8 8 5 1 0 5 0 1 1 1 3 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not trusted; untrustworthy"
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adj-1XHU3kdQ",
"links": [
[
"untrustworthy",
"untrustworthy"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Not easy; challenging, hard"
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adj-SgkAINqL",
"links": [
[
"challenging",
"challenging"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈivəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈeːvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈyvəl/",
"tags": [
"West-Midlands"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛvəl/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛːvəl/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
}
],
"word": "yvel"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "evil"
},
"expansion": "English: evil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: evil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "evil"
},
"expansion": "Scots: evil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: evil"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "yfel"
},
"expansion": "Old English yfel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*ubil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *ubil",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*ubilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ubilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English yfel, from Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, of disputed further etymology.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "yveles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ivel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "uvel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evill",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "eveyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ifel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "yfel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ufel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eovel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ifell",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "uvel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"West-Midlands"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "yvel",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "yveles"
},
"expansion": "yvel (plural yveles)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 4 1 4 1 1 1 2 7 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 18 17 18 2 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "enm:Ethics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 3 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Religion",
"orig": "enm:Religion",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness:",
"A sin or moral transgression."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-noun-eFm83ZSr",
"links": [
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"iniquity",
"iniquity"
],
[
"wrongness",
"wrongness"
],
[
"sin",
"sin"
],
[
"transgression",
"transgression"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 4 1 4 1 1 1 2 7 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 18 17 18 2 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "enm:Ethics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness:",
"An evil or malicious being."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-noun-mYDy5TD8",
"links": [
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"iniquity",
"iniquity"
],
[
"wrongness",
"wrongness"
],
[
"being",
"being"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 4 1 4 1 1 1 2 7 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 18 17 18 2 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "enm:Ethics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
65,
69
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
54,
58
]
],
"english": "We know that we are from God, and that all the world is stuck in evil.",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:19, page 115v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "we witen þat we ben of god .· ⁊ al þe woꝛld is ſet in yuel",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness"
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-noun-CNYipV4H",
"links": [
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"iniquity",
"iniquity"
],
[
"wrongness",
"wrongness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Harm, injury, trouble:",
"Someone or something that harms or troubles."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-noun-H0KXC1gO",
"links": [
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"harms",
"harms"
],
[
"troubles",
"troubles"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 9 44 9",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Disease",
"orig": "enm:Disease",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Harm, injury, trouble:",
"A malady or disease."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-noun-zxuoMYu7",
"links": [
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"malady",
"malady"
],
[
"disease",
"disease"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Harm, injury, trouble:",
"Negative or uncomplimentary speech."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-noun-YCaamXxR",
"links": [
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"uncomplimentary",
"uncomplimentary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Harm, injury, trouble:",
"(rare) Negative or uncomplimentary speech."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈivəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈeːvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈyvəl/",
"tags": [
"West-Midlands"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛvəl/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛːvəl/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
}
],
"word": "yvel"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "evil",
"id": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "English: evil",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "English: evil (obsolete)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "yfele"
},
"expansion": "Old English yfele",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English yfele, yfle (“evilly, badly”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "worse",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "worst",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvele",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evele",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yfele",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ufele",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "uvel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"West-Midlands"
]
},
{
"form": "uvele",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"West-Midlands"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adverb",
"3": "comparative",
"4": "worse",
"5": "superlative",
"6": "worst",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "yvel (comparative worse, superlative worst)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "worse",
"2": "worst"
},
"expansion": "yvel (comparative worse, superlative worst)",
"name": "enm-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 6 6 3 7 1 1 8 5 3 8 8 8 8 7 0 1 6 1 2 2 2 2 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wickedly, evilly, iniquitously"
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adv-enm:evilly",
"links": [
[
"wickedly",
"wickedly"
],
[
"evilly",
"evilly"
],
[
"iniquitously",
"iniquitously"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:evilly"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 6 6 3 7 1 1 8 5 3 8 8 8 8 7 0 1 6 1 2 2 2 2 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"badly, sloppily, poorly"
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adv-xgSuqQ2F",
"links": [
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"sloppily",
"sloppily"
],
[
"poorly",
"poorly"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 6 6 3 7 1 1 8 5 3 8 8 8 8 7 0 1 6 1 2 2 2 2 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
81,
84
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
75,
79
]
],
"english": "Judas stood up: \"Lord, am I that bold? / I was never anywhere where people spoke ill about you.\"",
"ref": "c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 30-31; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:",
"text": "Up ſtod him iudaſ lord am I þat [frec]. / I naſ neuer o þe ſtude þer me þe evel ſpec.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"injuriously, harmfully; in a damaging way."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adv-MrFI1j00",
"links": [
[
"injuriously",
"injuriously"
],
[
"harmfully",
"harmfully"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 6 6 3 7 1 1 8 5 3 8 8 8 8 7 0 1 6 1 2 2 2 2 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hurtfully; in a way causing physical injury."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adv-QF3uNqgx",
"links": [
[
"hurtfully",
"hurtfully"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"unfortunately, sadly, miserably."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adv-YmlaIZk-",
"links": [
[
"unfortunately",
"unfortunately"
],
[
"sadly",
"sadly"
],
[
"miserably",
"miserably"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"wrongly, incorrectly; counter to fact."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adv-09UIOAKs",
"links": [
[
"wrongly",
"wrongly"
],
[
"incorrectly",
"incorrectly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sickly; having disease or illness."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adv-yJxI96nB",
"links": [
[
"sickly",
"sickly"
],
[
"disease",
"disease"
],
[
"illness",
"illness"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"in no way, hardly, insufficiently."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adv-eAv07TtR",
"links": [
[
"in no way",
"in no way"
],
[
"hardly",
"hardly"
],
[
"insufficiently",
"insufficiently"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"just, barely; by a narrow margin."
],
"id": "en-yvel-enm-adv-Bh2nz4b~",
"links": [
[
"just",
"just"
],
[
"barely",
"barely"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈivəl(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈeːvəl(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-vlə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈyvəl(ə)/",
"tags": [
"West-Midlands"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-vlə/",
"tags": [
"West-Midlands"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛvəl(ə)/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛːvəl(ə)/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-vlə/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
}
],
"word": "yvel"
}
{
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"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Disease",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Ethics",
"enm:Religion"
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{
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{
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"2": "evil"
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"expansion": "English: evil",
"name": "desc"
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],
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},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "evil"
},
"expansion": "Scots: evil",
"name": "desc"
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],
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}
],
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{
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"2": "ang",
"3": "yfel"
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*ubil"
},
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},
{
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"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*ubilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ubilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English yfel, from Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, of disputed further etymology.",
"forms": [
{
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"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "yvele",
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"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
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"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "worst",
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"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivel",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "uvel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evill",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evell",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "eveyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ifel",
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"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "yfel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ufel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eovel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ifell",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "uvel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"West-Midlands"
]
}
],
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{
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"7": "superlative",
"8": "worst",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "yvel (plural and weak singular yvele, comparative worse, superlative worst)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "yvele",
"2": "worse",
"3": "worst"
},
"expansion": "yvel (plural and weak singular yvele, comparative worse, superlative worst)",
"name": "enm-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "yvel doer"
},
{
"word": "yvelen"
},
{
"word": "yvel fare"
},
{
"word": "yvelnesse"
},
{
"word": "yvel wille"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Morally evil; iniquitous, malign"
],
"links": [
[
"iniquitous",
"iniquitous"
],
[
"malign",
"malign"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:evil"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"enm:Pathology"
],
"glosses": [
"Causing harm; injurious, damaging:",
"infected, abnormal"
],
"links": [
[
"injurious",
"injurious"
],
[
"damaging",
"damaging"
],
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"infected",
"infected"
],
[
"abnormal",
"abnormal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Causing harm; injurious, damaging:",
"(pathology) infected, abnormal"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Causing harm; injurious, damaging:",
"Causing trouble; tendentious, irascible"
],
"links": [
[
"injurious",
"injurious"
],
[
"damaging",
"damaging"
],
[
"tendentious",
"tendentious"
],
[
"irascible",
"irascible"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Not pleasing; unpleasant, foul."
],
"links": [
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"foul",
"foul"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Worthy of pity; pitiful, sorry."
],
"links": [
[
"pitiful",
"pitiful"
],
[
"sorry",
"sorry"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Having bad fortune; unlucky, unfortunate"
],
"links": [
[
"unlucky",
"unlucky"
],
[
"unfortunate",
"unfortunate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of poor design or manufacture; bad, shoddy"
],
"links": [
[
"design",
"design"
],
[
"manufacture",
"manufacture"
],
[
"bad",
"bad"
],
[
"shoddy",
"shoddy"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Disparaging, negative, uncomplimentary."
],
"links": [
[
"negative",
"negative"
],
[
"uncomplimentary",
"uncomplimentary"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Not trusted; untrustworthy"
],
"links": [
[
"untrustworthy",
"untrustworthy"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Not easy; challenging, hard"
],
"links": [
[
"challenging",
"challenging"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈivəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈeːvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈyvəl/",
"tags": [
"West-Midlands"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛvəl/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛːvəl/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
}
],
"word": "yvel"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Middle English adverbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Disease",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Ethics",
"enm:Religion"
],
"descendants": [
{
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"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "evil"
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"expansion": "English: evil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: evil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "evil"
},
"expansion": "Scots: evil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: evil"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "ang",
"3": "yfel"
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"expansion": "Old English yfel",
"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
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"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *ubil",
"name": "inh"
},
{
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"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*ubilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ubilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English yfel, from Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, of disputed further etymology.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "yveles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ivel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evel",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "uvel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evil",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivyll",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyll",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evill",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvell",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evell",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "eveyl",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ifel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "yfel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ufel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eovel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ifell",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "uvel",
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"West-Midlands"
]
}
],
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"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
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"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "yveles"
},
"expansion": "yvel (plural yveles)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness:",
"A sin or moral transgression."
],
"links": [
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"iniquity",
"iniquity"
],
[
"wrongness",
"wrongness"
],
[
"sin",
"sin"
],
[
"transgression",
"transgression"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness:",
"An evil or malicious being."
],
"links": [
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"iniquity",
"iniquity"
],
[
"wrongness",
"wrongness"
],
[
"being",
"being"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
65,
69
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
54,
58
]
],
"english": "We know that we are from God, and that all the world is stuck in evil.",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:19, page 115v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "we witen þat we ben of god .· ⁊ al þe woꝛld is ſet in yuel",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness"
],
"links": [
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"iniquity",
"iniquity"
],
[
"wrongness",
"wrongness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Harm, injury, trouble:",
"Someone or something that harms or troubles."
],
"links": [
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"harms",
"harms"
],
[
"troubles",
"troubles"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Harm, injury, trouble:",
"A malady or disease."
],
"links": [
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"malady",
"malady"
],
[
"disease",
"disease"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Harm, injury, trouble:",
"Negative or uncomplimentary speech."
],
"links": [
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"uncomplimentary",
"uncomplimentary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Harm, injury, trouble:",
"(rare) Negative or uncomplimentary speech."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈivəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈeːvəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈyvəl/",
"tags": [
"West-Midlands"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛvəl/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛːvəl/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
}
],
"word": "yvel"
}
{
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"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Disease",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Ethics",
"enm:Religion"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "evil",
"id": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "English: evil",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "English: evil (obsolete)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "yfele"
},
"expansion": "Old English yfele",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English yfele, yfle (“evilly, badly”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "worse",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "worst",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ivel",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "evel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evil",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyl",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvele",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "evele",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yvle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yfele",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ufele",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "uvel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"West-Midlands"
]
},
{
"form": "uvele",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"West-Midlands"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adverb",
"3": "comparative",
"4": "worse",
"5": "superlative",
"6": "worst",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "yvel (comparative worse, superlative worst)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "worse",
"2": "worst"
},
"expansion": "yvel (comparative worse, superlative worst)",
"name": "enm-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"wickedly, evilly, iniquitously"
],
"links": [
[
"wickedly",
"wickedly"
],
[
"evilly",
"evilly"
],
[
"iniquitously",
"iniquitously"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:evilly"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"badly, sloppily, poorly"
],
"links": [
[
"badly",
"badly"
],
[
"sloppily",
"sloppily"
],
[
"poorly",
"poorly"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
81,
84
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
75,
79
]
],
"english": "Judas stood up: \"Lord, am I that bold? / I was never anywhere where people spoke ill about you.\"",
"ref": "c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 30-31; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:",
"text": "Up ſtod him iudaſ lord am I þat [frec]. / I naſ neuer o þe ſtude þer me þe evel ſpec.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"injuriously, harmfully; in a damaging way."
],
"links": [
[
"injuriously",
"injuriously"
],
[
"harmfully",
"harmfully"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hurtfully; in a way causing physical injury."
],
"links": [
[
"hurtfully",
"hurtfully"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"unfortunately, sadly, miserably."
],
"links": [
[
"unfortunately",
"unfortunately"
],
[
"sadly",
"sadly"
],
[
"miserably",
"miserably"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"wrongly, incorrectly; counter to fact."
],
"links": [
[
"wrongly",
"wrongly"
],
[
"incorrectly",
"incorrectly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sickly; having disease or illness."
],
"links": [
[
"sickly",
"sickly"
],
[
"disease",
"disease"
],
[
"illness",
"illness"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"in no way, hardly, insufficiently."
],
"links": [
[
"in no way",
"in no way"
],
[
"hardly",
"hardly"
],
[
"insufficiently",
"insufficiently"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"just, barely; by a narrow margin."
],
"links": [
[
"just",
"just"
],
[
"barely",
"barely"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈivəl(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈeːvəl(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-vlə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈyvəl(ə)/",
"tags": [
"West-Midlands"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-vlə/",
"tags": [
"West-Midlands"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛvəl(ə)/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛːvəl(ə)/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-vlə/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
}
],
"word": "yvel"
}
Download raw JSONL data for yvel meaning in Middle English (13.7kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''Moral evil; iniquity, wrongnes'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"yvel"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "yvel",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (5ee713e and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.