See toyen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tōgēan"
},
"expansion": "Old English tōgēan",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English tōgēan.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "toyen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "prep",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toayens"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toyenes"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 18 23 22 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Towards, with hostility; against."
],
"id": "en-toyen-enm-prep-XM4fTn7i",
"links": [
[
"hostility",
"hostility"
],
[
"against",
"against"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 18 23 22 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In defence against."
],
"id": "en-toyen-enm-prep-rso49lyf",
"links": [
[
"defence",
"defence"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 18 23 22 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In opposition to something, often for moral or philosophical reasons."
],
"id": "en-toyen-enm-prep-ympTLFU8",
"links": [
[
"opposition",
"opposition"
],
[
"moral",
"moral"
],
[
"philosophical",
"philosophical"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 8 15 59 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 18 23 22 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 15 18 47 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 7 6 78 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Placed in physical proximity to; abutting."
],
"id": "en-toyen-enm-prep-Ta~lapvV",
"links": [
[
"proximity",
"proximity"
],
[
"abutting",
"abutting"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 18 23 22 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the presence of."
],
"id": "en-toyen-enm-prep-UmQlP~LG",
"links": [
[
"presence",
"presence"
]
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toȝain"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toȝen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toȝene"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toȝein"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toȝean"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toȝeane"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toȝæn"
}
],
"word": "toyen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English prepositions",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tōgēan"
},
"expansion": "Old English tōgēan",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English tōgēan.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "toyen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "prep",
"related": [
{
"word": "toayens"
},
{
"word": "toyenes"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Towards, with hostility; against."
],
"links": [
[
"hostility",
"hostility"
],
[
"against",
"against"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"In defence against."
],
"links": [
[
"defence",
"defence"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"In opposition to something, often for moral or philosophical reasons."
],
"links": [
[
"opposition",
"opposition"
],
[
"moral",
"moral"
],
[
"philosophical",
"philosophical"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Placed in physical proximity to; abutting."
],
"links": [
[
"proximity",
"proximity"
],
[
"abutting",
"abutting"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"In the presence of."
],
"links": [
[
"presence",
"presence"
]
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "toȝain"
},
{
"word": "toȝen"
},
{
"word": "toȝene"
},
{
"word": "toȝein"
},
{
"word": "toȝean"
},
{
"word": "toȝeane"
},
{
"word": "toȝæn"
}
],
"word": "toyen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for toyen meaning in Middle English (1.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.