See schulen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shall",
"3": "should"
},
"expansion": "English: shall, should",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: shall, should"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "sall",
"3": "suld"
},
"expansion": "Scots: sall, suld",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "shell",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Yola: shell, shall, shul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: shell, shall, shul"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "sċulan"
},
"expansion": "Old English sċulan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*skulan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skulan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*skulaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *skulaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*skel-",
"4": "",
"5": "to be obligated, owe, be guilty"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English sċulan, from Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-irr",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "schal",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schul",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "scholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schalt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schal",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "scholdest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "scholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schost",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schal",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "schul",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "scholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "schule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "schale",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "scholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "schule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "schalen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "schale",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "schun",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "scholden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "scholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "schulen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "defective",
"3": "often",
"4": "modal",
"5": "and",
"6": "auxiliary"
},
"expansion": "(defective, often modal and auxiliary)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "schal",
"1a": "schul",
"2": "schold",
"2s2": "schal",
"3": "schul",
"4": "schalt",
"i": "0",
"obl": "schal",
"p5": "schun",
"p_2s2": "scholde",
"p_2s3": "schost"
},
"name": "enm-conj-irr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to owe; to be indebted to"
],
"id": "en-schulen-enm-verb-TjwOsAgi",
"links": [
[
"owe",
"owe"
],
[
"indebted",
"indebted"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to owe; to be indebted to"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to be appropriate; to work"
],
"id": "en-schulen-enm-verb-F0hdPk7e",
"links": [
[
"appropriate",
"appropriate"
],
[
"work",
"work"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to be appropriate; to work"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses permission: can, may"
],
"id": "en-schulen-enm-verb-3vxXb-pG",
"links": [
[
"can",
"can"
],
[
"may",
"may"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses possibility: might, may"
],
"id": "en-schulen-enm-verb-k32-Xm~-",
"links": [
[
"might",
"might"
],
[
"may",
"may"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 5 3 2 34 27 2 2 1 2 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directives",
"orig": "enm:Directives",
"parents": [
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses obligation or appropriateness: should, ought to"
],
"id": "en-schulen-enm-verb-5m8Pdx-C",
"links": [
[
"should",
"should"
],
[
"ought to",
"ought to"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses counsel or advice: should, ought to"
],
"id": "en-schulen-enm-verb-Vx656I84",
"links": [
[
"should",
"should"
],
[
"ought to",
"ought to"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses command: must, shall"
],
"id": "en-schulen-enm-verb-5LUjfgxX",
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"shall",
"shall"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses certitude: must, will"
],
"id": "en-schulen-enm-verb-hDau6Tn9",
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"will",
"will"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses intent or prevision: going to, will"
],
"id": "en-schulen-enm-verb-Iy4rQfIY",
"links": [
[
"going to",
"going to"
],
[
"will",
"will"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses futurity: shall, will"
],
"id": "en-schulen-enm-verb-mvUb3R~5",
"links": [
[
"shall",
"shall"
],
[
"will",
"will"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "If you had been of the world, the world would love that which is its [own]; so the world hates you, because you aren't of the world. Instead I picked you from the world.",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 15:19, page 51v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "If ȝe hadden be of þe woꝛld .· þe woꝛld ſchulde loue þat þing þat was his / but foꝛ ȝe ben not of þe woꝛld · but I chees ȝou fro þe woꝛld .· þerfoꝛ þe woꝛld hatiþ ȝou",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses contingency: will, would"
],
"id": "en-schulen-enm-verb-WUnldJg-",
"links": [
[
"will",
"will"
],
[
"would",
"would"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃulə(n)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃu(l)n/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃul/"
}
],
"word": "schulen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English auxiliary verbs",
"Middle English defective verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English preterite-present verbs",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English verbs",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Directives"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shall",
"3": "should"
},
"expansion": "English: shall, should",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: shall, should"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "sall",
"3": "suld"
},
"expansion": "Scots: sall, suld",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "shell",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Yola: shell, shall, shul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: shell, shall, shul"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "sċulan"
},
"expansion": "Old English sċulan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*skulan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skulan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*skulaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *skulaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*skel-",
"4": "",
"5": "to be obligated, owe, be guilty"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English sċulan, from Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-irr",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "schal",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schul",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "scholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schalt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schal",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "scholdest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "scholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schost",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schal",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "schul",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "scholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "schule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "schale",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "scholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "schulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "schule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "schalen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "schale",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "schun",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "scholden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "scholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "schulen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "defective",
"3": "often",
"4": "modal",
"5": "and",
"6": "auxiliary"
},
"expansion": "(defective, often modal and auxiliary)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "schal",
"1a": "schul",
"2": "schold",
"2s2": "schal",
"3": "schul",
"4": "schalt",
"i": "0",
"obl": "schal",
"p5": "schun",
"p_2s2": "scholde",
"p_2s3": "schost"
},
"name": "enm-conj-irr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to owe; to be indebted to"
],
"links": [
[
"owe",
"owe"
],
[
"indebted",
"indebted"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to owe; to be indebted to"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to be appropriate; to work"
],
"links": [
[
"appropriate",
"appropriate"
],
[
"work",
"work"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to be appropriate; to work"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses permission: can, may"
],
"links": [
[
"can",
"can"
],
[
"may",
"may"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses possibility: might, may"
],
"links": [
[
"might",
"might"
],
[
"may",
"may"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses obligation or appropriateness: should, ought to"
],
"links": [
[
"should",
"should"
],
[
"ought to",
"ought to"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses counsel or advice: should, ought to"
],
"links": [
[
"should",
"should"
],
[
"ought to",
"ought to"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses command: must, shall"
],
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"shall",
"shall"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses certitude: must, will"
],
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"will",
"will"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses intent or prevision: going to, will"
],
"links": [
[
"going to",
"going to"
],
[
"will",
"will"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Expresses futurity: shall, will"
],
"links": [
[
"shall",
"shall"
],
[
"will",
"will"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "If you had been of the world, the world would love that which is its [own]; so the world hates you, because you aren't of the world. Instead I picked you from the world.",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 15:19, page 51v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "If ȝe hadden be of þe woꝛld .· þe woꝛld ſchulde loue þat þing þat was his / but foꝛ ȝe ben not of þe woꝛld · but I chees ȝou fro þe woꝛld .· þerfoꝛ þe woꝛld hatiþ ȝou",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Expresses contingency: will, would"
],
"links": [
[
"will",
"will"
],
[
"would",
"would"
]
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"often"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃulə(n)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃu(l)n/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʃul/"
}
],
"word": "schulen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for schulen meaning in Middle English (7.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (9a96ef4 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.