See pynen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pine",
"id": "to long"
},
"expansion": "English: pine",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: pine"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-msc",
"2": "pyne"
},
"expansion": "Middle Scots: pyne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Scots: pyne"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "pine"
},
"expansion": "Scots: pine",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: pine"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to torment"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "pīnian",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English pīnian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "pīnian"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English pīnian",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*pīnōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *pīnōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "pyne",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "torture",
"id2": "infinitival",
"nocap": "1",
"pos2": "infinitive suffix",
"t1": "torture, torment"
},
"expansion": "by surface analysis, pyne (“torture, torment”) + -en (infinitive suffix)",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English pīnian, from Proto-West Germanic *pīnōn, from *pīnā (“pain, torture”); by surface analysis, pyne (“torture, torment”) + -en (infinitive suffix). Compare peynen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pyneth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "pynende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pynynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pyned",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pynen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to pynen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pyned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pynest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pynedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pyneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "pyned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "pyned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pynen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pyneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pynede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pyneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pynynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pynende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pyned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ypyned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "pine",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "pynyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "pinenn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "pinin",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "pini",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Kent",
"Southern"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "pynen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "pyn"
},
"expansion": "pynen (third-person singular simple present pyneth, present participle pynende, pynynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle pyned)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pyn"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 22 6 27 15 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Pain",
"orig": "enm:Pain",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To hurt; to inflict (physical) injury:",
"To torment or torture; to injure punitively."
],
"id": "en-pynen-enm-verb--HM5yc4Z",
"links": [
[
"hurt",
"hurt"
],
[
"inflict",
"inflict"
],
[
"physical",
"physical#English"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"torment",
"torment"
],
[
"torture",
"torture"
],
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"punitively",
"punitively"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To hurt; to inflict (physical) injury:",
"To injure oneself as penitence."
],
"id": "en-pynen-enm-verb-0NdEaUzk",
"links": [
[
"hurt",
"hurt"
],
[
"inflict",
"inflict"
],
[
"physical",
"physical#English"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"penitence",
"penitence"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 14 15 51 5 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 17 44 8 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 17 8 61 3 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 15 17 56 3 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 22 6 27 15 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Pain",
"orig": "enm:Pain",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To hurt; to inflict (physical) injury:",
"To waste away; to starve or exhaust."
],
"id": "en-pynen-enm-verb-J8LM9vlT",
"links": [
[
"hurt",
"hurt"
],
[
"inflict",
"inflict"
],
[
"physical",
"physical#English"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"waste",
"waste"
],
[
"away",
"away"
],
[
"starve",
"starve"
],
[
"exhaust",
"exhaust"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 22 6 27 15 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Pain",
"orig": "enm:Pain",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To trouble or anguish; to cause distress."
],
"id": "en-pynen-enm-verb-JqLtq9om",
"links": [
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"anguish",
"anguish"
],
[
"distress",
"distress"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To undergo injury; to suffer."
],
"id": "en-pynen-enm-verb-nhDDxg-j",
"links": [
[
"undergo",
"undergo"
],
[
"suffer",
"suffer"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To strive or exert (oneself)"
],
"id": "en-pynen-enm-verb-SJcsmp4J",
"links": [
[
"strive",
"strive"
],
[
"exert",
"exert"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, reflexive) To strive or exert (oneself)"
],
"tags": [
"rare",
"reflexive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpiːnən/"
}
],
"word": "pynen"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "pynen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 22 6 27 15 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Pain",
"orig": "enm:Pain",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "pain, torture",
"word": "pyne"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of pyne (“pain, torture”)"
],
"id": "en-pynen-enm-noun-Ol1TLiSW",
"links": [
[
"pyne",
"pyne#Middle_English:_torture"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpiːnən/"
}
],
"word": "pynen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Pain"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pine",
"id": "to long"
},
"expansion": "English: pine",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: pine"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-msc",
"2": "pyne"
},
"expansion": "Middle Scots: pyne",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Scots: pyne"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "pine"
},
"expansion": "Scots: pine",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: pine"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to torment"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "pīnian",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English pīnian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "pīnian"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English pīnian",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*pīnōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *pīnōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "pyne",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "torture",
"id2": "infinitival",
"nocap": "1",
"pos2": "infinitive suffix",
"t1": "torture, torment"
},
"expansion": "by surface analysis, pyne (“torture, torment”) + -en (infinitive suffix)",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English pīnian, from Proto-West Germanic *pīnōn, from *pīnā (“pain, torture”); by surface analysis, pyne (“torture, torment”) + -en (infinitive suffix). Compare peynen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pyneth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "pynende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pynynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pyned",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pynen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to pynen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pyned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pynest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pynedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pyneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "pyned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "pyned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pynen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pyneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pynede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pyneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pynynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pynende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "pyned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ypyned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "pine",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "pyne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "pynyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "pinenn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "pinin",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "pini",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Kent",
"Southern"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "pynen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "pyn"
},
"expansion": "pynen (third-person singular simple present pyneth, present participle pynende, pynynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle pyned)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pyn"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To hurt; to inflict (physical) injury:",
"To torment or torture; to injure punitively."
],
"links": [
[
"hurt",
"hurt"
],
[
"inflict",
"inflict"
],
[
"physical",
"physical#English"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"torment",
"torment"
],
[
"torture",
"torture"
],
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"punitively",
"punitively"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To hurt; to inflict (physical) injury:",
"To injure oneself as penitence."
],
"links": [
[
"hurt",
"hurt"
],
[
"inflict",
"inflict"
],
[
"physical",
"physical#English"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"penitence",
"penitence"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To hurt; to inflict (physical) injury:",
"To waste away; to starve or exhaust."
],
"links": [
[
"hurt",
"hurt"
],
[
"inflict",
"inflict"
],
[
"physical",
"physical#English"
],
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"waste",
"waste"
],
[
"away",
"away"
],
[
"starve",
"starve"
],
[
"exhaust",
"exhaust"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To trouble or anguish; to cause distress."
],
"links": [
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"anguish",
"anguish"
],
[
"distress",
"distress"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To undergo injury; to suffer."
],
"links": [
[
"undergo",
"undergo"
],
[
"suffer",
"suffer"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English reflexive verbs",
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To strive or exert (oneself)"
],
"links": [
[
"strive",
"strive"
],
[
"exert",
"exert"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, reflexive) To strive or exert (oneself)"
],
"tags": [
"rare",
"reflexive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpiːnən/"
}
],
"word": "pynen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Pain"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "pynen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "pain, torture",
"word": "pyne"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of pyne (“pain, torture”)"
],
"links": [
[
"pyne",
"pyne#Middle_English:_torture"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpiːnən/"
}
],
"word": "pynen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pynen meaning in Middle English (7.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-02 using wiktextract (0c45963 and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.