See astonen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
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"kind": "other",
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"name": "Mind",
"orig": "enm:Mind",
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],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
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"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "astun",
"qq": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "English: astun (obsolete)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: astun (obsolete)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
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"1": "en",
"2": "astonish",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ English: astonish",
"name": "desc"
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"text": "⇒ English: astonish"
}
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"etymology_templates": [
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "estoné",
"nocap": "1",
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"name": "partial calque"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "partial calque"
},
"expansion": "partial calque",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"name": "cog"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "attoner",
"t": "to be worried, to want to know"
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"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"t2": "to stun"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, a- + stonen (“to stun”)",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely a back-formation from astoned, either a partial calque of Old French estoné (“stunned”), the past participle of estoner (“to stun”), with the Old French participial suffix -é replaced with -ed and prefixed with a- or less likely, a partial calque of an unattested *astoné, *atoné; compare Middle French attoné (“shaken”) and Orléanais attoner (“to be worried, to want to know”). By surface analysis, a- + stonen (“to stun”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "astoneth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astonende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astonynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astoned",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "astonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to astonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astonest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astonedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astoneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astonede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astonynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astonende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stonen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "astoynyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "astonie",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Kent"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
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"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "astonen",
"name": "head"
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{
"args": {
"stem": "aston"
},
"expansion": "astonen (third-person singular simple present astoneth, present participle astonende, astonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle astoned)",
"name": "enm-verb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "uncommon"
},
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"name": "tlb"
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"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ston",
"pf": "a"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "astoneyen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 21 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English back-formations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "63 15 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 21 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms prefixed with a-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 22 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 12 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "94 6 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To stun, daze; to subject to stupefaction."
],
"id": "en-astonen-enm-verb-8eKslQMM",
"links": [
[
"stun",
"stun"
],
[
"daze",
"daze"
],
[
"subject",
"subject"
],
[
"stupefaction",
"stupefaction"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To astonish or surprise."
],
"id": "en-astonen-enm-verb-qiJVecx3",
"links": [
[
"astonish",
"astonish"
],
[
"surprise",
"surprise"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 29 43",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Violence",
"orig": "enm:Violence",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To strike a blow (with a weapon)."
],
"id": "en-astonen-enm-verb-G8ibKZsj",
"links": [
[
"strike",
"strike"
],
[
"blow",
"blow"
],
[
"weapon",
"weapon#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/aˈstunən/"
}
],
"word": "astonen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English back-formations",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms prefixed with a-",
"Middle English uncommon terms",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Mind",
"enm:Violence"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
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"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "astun",
"qq": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "English: astun (obsolete)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: astun (obsolete)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "astonish",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ English: astonish",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ English: astonish"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
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"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "astoned",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "back-formation from astoned",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "estoné",
"nocap": "1",
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{
"args": {
"1": "partial calque"
},
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"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-orl",
"2": "attoner",
"t": "to be worried, to want to know"
},
"expansion": "Orléanais attoner (“to be worried, to want to know”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "a-",
"3": "stonen",
"id2": "to stun",
"t2": "to stun"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, a- + stonen (“to stun”)",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely a back-formation from astoned, either a partial calque of Old French estoné (“stunned”), the past participle of estoner (“to stun”), with the Old French participial suffix -é replaced with -ed and prefixed with a- or less likely, a partial calque of an unattested *astoné, *atoné; compare Middle French attoné (“shaken”) and Orléanais attoner (“to be worried, to want to know”). By surface analysis, a- + stonen (“to stun”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "astoneth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astonende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astonynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astoned",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "astonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to astonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astonest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astonedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "astonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astoneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astonede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "astonynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astonende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "astoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "astone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stonen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "astoynyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "astonie",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Kent"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "astonen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "aston"
},
"expansion": "astonen (third-person singular simple present astoneth, present participle astonende, astonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle astoned)",
"name": "enm-verb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "uncommon"
},
"expansion": "(uncommon)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ston",
"pf": "a"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "astoneyen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To stun, daze; to subject to stupefaction."
],
"links": [
[
"stun",
"stun"
],
[
"daze",
"daze"
],
[
"subject",
"subject"
],
[
"stupefaction",
"stupefaction"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To astonish or surprise."
],
"links": [
[
"astonish",
"astonish"
],
[
"surprise",
"surprise"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To strike a blow (with a weapon)."
],
"links": [
[
"strike",
"strike"
],
[
"blow",
"blow"
],
[
"weapon",
"weapon#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/aˈstunən/"
}
],
"word": "astonen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for astonen meaning in Middle English (5.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-02 using wiktextract (a681f8a and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.