"krēsls" meaning in Latvian

See krēsls in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: [krǣːsls] Audio: lv-riga-krēsls.ogg
Etymology: Some researchers consider this word borrowed from Slavic, where a possible Proto-Slavic *krěslo could be related to *krosno (“loom, weaving frame”), the rectangular form of which is reminiscent of chairs. Other researchers, pointing out that this would not explain the number of cognate formations in Baltic (e.g., dialectal Latvian kreslis (“removable sleigh backrest”), kreša (“little bench”), dialectal Lithuanian krãsė, kresė̃ (“chair”), krẽstas (“bench”)), suggest that the Slavic cognates are actually borrowings from Baltic. The latter hypothesis is supported by their distribution: there are no reflexes in Southern Slavic languages (the Bulgarian cognate is a later borrowing). If so, krēsls would come (via Proto-Baltic *krēs- with an extra l) from the same stem as the verb krest (“to shake”), older meaning “to braid, to weave” (for a link between the notions of “shaking” and “weaving,” see Old Norse hrista (“to shake”), Middle Low German risten (“to braid, to weave”)): Proto-Indo-European *kert-, *kret-, from *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”). The original meaning would then have been “woven object” (folk songs suggest that earlier chairs were indeed made by weaving wickers). Cognates include Lithuanian krė́slas (“chair; chair with backrest; armchair”), Old Prussian creslan (“chair with backrest”), Russian кре́сло (kréslo, “armchair”), Bulgarian кресло́ (kresló, “armchair”), Czech křeslo (“armchair”), Polish krzesło (“armchair”). Etymology templates: {{bor|lv|sla}} Slavic, {{cog|sla-pro|*krěslo}} Proto-Slavic *krěslo, {{m|sla-pro|*krosno||loom, weaving frame}} *krosno (“loom, weaving frame”), {{cog|bat}} Baltic, {{m|lv|kreslis||removable sleigh backrest}} kreslis (“removable sleigh backrest”), {{m|lv|kreša||little bench}} kreša (“little bench”), {{cog|lt|krãsė}} Lithuanian krãsė, {{m|lt|kresė̃||chair}} kresė̃ (“chair”), {{m|lt|krẽstas||bench}} krẽstas (“bench”), {{cog|sla}} Slavic, {{cog|bg|-}} Bulgarian, {{m|lv|krēsls}} krēsls, {{inh|lv|bat-pro|*krēs-}} Proto-Baltic *krēs-, {{m|lv|krest||to shake}} krest (“to shake”), {{cog|non|hrista||to shake}} Old Norse hrista (“to shake”), {{cog|gml|risten||to braid, to weave}} Middle Low German risten (“to braid, to weave”), {{inh|lv|ine-pro|*kert-}} Proto-Indo-European *kert-, {{m|ine-pro|*kret-}} *kret-, {{m|ine-pro|*(s)ker-||to turn, to bend}} *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”), {{cog|lt|krė́slas||chair; chair with backrest; armchair}} Lithuanian krė́slas (“chair; chair with backrest; armchair”), {{cog|prg|creslan||chair with backrest}} Old Prussian creslan (“chair with backrest”), {{cog|ru|кре́сло||armchair}} Russian кре́сло (kréslo, “armchair”), {{cog|bg|кресло́||armchair}} Bulgarian кресло́ (kresló, “armchair”), {{cog|cs|křeslo||armchair}} Czech křeslo (“armchair”), {{cog|pl|krzesło||armchair}} Polish krzesło (“armchair”) Head templates: {{head|lv|noun|g=m|g2=|head=|sort=}} krēsls m, {{lv-noun|m|1st}} krēsls m (1st declension) Inflection templates: {{lv-decl-noun|krēsl|s|1st|extrawidth=-60}}, {{lv-decl-noun-1|krēsl|s|4=|5=|6=|7=|8=|drop-v=|keep-s=|x=-60}}, {{lv-decl-noun-table|krēsls|krēsli|krēslu|krēslus|krēsla|krēslu|krēslam|krēsliem|krēslu|krēsliem|krēslā|krēslos|krēsl|krēsli|type=1st declension|x=-60}} Forms: declension-1 [table-tags], krēsls [nominative, singular], krēsli [nominative, plural], krēslu [accusative, singular], krēslus [accusative, plural], krēsla [genitive, singular], krēslu [genitive, plural], krēslam [dative, singular], krēsliem [dative, plural], krēslu [instrumental, singular], krēsliem [instrumental, plural], krēslā [locative, singular], krēslos [locative, plural], krēsl [singular, vocative], krēsli [plural, vocative]
  1. chair (piece of furniture for sitting, consisting of a backrest and a single seat mounted on several, usually four, feet) Tags: declension-1, masculine Categories (topical): Furniture
    Sense id: en-krēsls-lv-noun-ubgrCJD2 Disambiguation of Furniture: 83 17 Categories (other): Latvian entries with incorrect language header, Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup, Latvian etymologies from LEV, Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Latvian words with level intonation Disambiguation of Latvian entries with incorrect language header: 67 33 Disambiguation of Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup: 68 32 Disambiguation of Latvian etymologies from LEV: 63 37 Disambiguation of Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 71 29 Disambiguation of Latvian words with level intonation: 51 49
  2. (construction) a structure of beams that supports the rafters and the roof of a house; roof truss Tags: declension-1, masculine Categories (topical): Construction
    Sense id: en-krēsls-lv-noun-fvYSPftp Categories (other): Latvian words with level intonation Disambiguation of Latvian words with level intonation: 51 49 Topics: business, construction, manufacturing

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for krēsls meaning in Latvian (11.0kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "sla"
      },
      "expansion": "Slavic",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*krěslo"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *krěslo",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*krosno",
        "3": "",
        "4": "loom, weaving frame"
      },
      "expansion": "*krosno (“loom, weaving frame”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bat"
      },
      "expansion": "Baltic",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "kreslis",
        "3": "",
        "4": "removable sleigh backrest"
      },
      "expansion": "kreslis (“removable sleigh backrest”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "kreša",
        "3": "",
        "4": "little bench"
      },
      "expansion": "kreša (“little bench”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "krãsė"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian krãsė",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "kresė̃",
        "3": "",
        "4": "chair"
      },
      "expansion": "kresė̃ (“chair”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "krẽstas",
        "3": "",
        "4": "bench"
      },
      "expansion": "krẽstas (“bench”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla"
      },
      "expansion": "Slavic",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bg",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Bulgarian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "krēsls"
      },
      "expansion": "krēsls",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "*krēs-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *krēs-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "krest",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to shake"
      },
      "expansion": "krest (“to shake”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "hrista",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to shake"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse hrista (“to shake”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gml",
        "2": "risten",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to braid, to weave"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Low German risten (“to braid, to weave”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kert-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kert-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*kret-"
      },
      "expansion": "*kret-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*(s)ker-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to turn, to bend"
      },
      "expansion": "*(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "krė́slas",
        "3": "",
        "4": "chair; chair with backrest; armchair"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian krė́slas (“chair; chair with backrest; armchair”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "creslan",
        "3": "",
        "4": "chair with backrest"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian creslan (“chair with backrest”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "кре́сло",
        "3": "",
        "4": "armchair"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian кре́сло (kréslo, “armchair”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bg",
        "2": "кресло́",
        "3": "",
        "4": "armchair"
      },
      "expansion": "Bulgarian кресло́ (kresló, “armchair”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "křeslo",
        "3": "",
        "4": "armchair"
      },
      "expansion": "Czech křeslo (“armchair”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "krzesło",
        "3": "",
        "4": "armchair"
      },
      "expansion": "Polish krzesło (“armchair”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Some researchers consider this word borrowed from Slavic, where a possible Proto-Slavic *krěslo could be related to *krosno (“loom, weaving frame”), the rectangular form of which is reminiscent of chairs. Other researchers, pointing out that this would not explain the number of cognate formations in Baltic (e.g., dialectal Latvian kreslis (“removable sleigh backrest”), kreša (“little bench”), dialectal Lithuanian krãsė, kresė̃ (“chair”), krẽstas (“bench”)), suggest that the Slavic cognates are actually borrowings from Baltic. The latter hypothesis is supported by their distribution: there are no reflexes in Southern Slavic languages (the Bulgarian cognate is a later borrowing). If so, krēsls would come (via Proto-Baltic *krēs- with an extra l) from the same stem as the verb krest (“to shake”), older meaning “to braid, to weave” (for a link between the notions of “shaking” and “weaving,” see Old Norse hrista (“to shake”), Middle Low German risten (“to braid, to weave”)): Proto-Indo-European *kert-, *kret-, from *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”). The original meaning would then have been “woven object” (folk songs suggest that earlier chairs were indeed made by weaving wickers). Cognates include Lithuanian krė́slas (“chair; chair with backrest; armchair”), Old Prussian creslan (“chair with backrest”), Russian кре́сло (kréslo, “armchair”), Bulgarian кресло́ (kresló, “armchair”), Czech křeslo (“armchair”), Polish krzesło (“armchair”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "declension-1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1st declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsls",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsli",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsla",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsliem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsliem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslos",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsli",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "krēsls m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "1st"
      },
      "expansion": "krēsls m (1st declension)",
      "name": "lv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krēsl",
        "2": "s",
        "3": "1st",
        "extrawidth": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krēsl",
        "2": "s",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "drop-v": "",
        "keep-s": "",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krēsls",
        "10": "krēsliem",
        "11": "krēslā",
        "12": "krēslos",
        "13": "krēsl",
        "14": "krēsli",
        "2": "krēsli",
        "3": "krēslu",
        "4": "krēslus",
        "5": "krēsla",
        "6": "krēslu",
        "7": "krēslam",
        "8": "krēsliem",
        "9": "krēslu",
        "type": "1st declension",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "67 33",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "68 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "63 37",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "71 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian words with level intonation",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "83 17",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "lv",
          "name": "Furniture",
          "orig": "lv:Furniture",
          "parents": [
            "Home",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "wicker chair",
          "text": "pīts krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "rush, reed chair",
          "text": "meldru krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "swivel chair",
          "text": "grozāmais krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "folding chair",
          "text": "saliekamais krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "armchair (lit. resting chair)",
          "text": "atpūtas krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "chair with a large backrest (lit. backrest chair)",
          "text": "atzveltnes krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "honor chair (where the honor guest will sit)",
          "text": "goda krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "dentist's chair",
          "text": "stomatoloģiskais krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "electric chair (for executing criminals)",
          "text": "elektriskais krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "confession chair, confessional",
          "text": "bikts krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Holy See (lit. Holy Chair, which the Pope sits on)",
          "text": "Svētais Krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "mother fell into the chair and hid her face in (her) apron",
          "text": "māte atkrita krēslā un aizsedza vaigu ar priekšautu",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Andrejs and Milda slowly sat down on the soft (arm)chairs, though they did not feel at all like sitting",
          "text": "Andrejs un Milda lēni atlaidās mīkstajos krēslos, lai gan sēdēt nemaz negribējās",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "chair (piece of furniture for sitting, consisting of a backrest and a single seat mounted on several, usually four, feet)"
      ],
      "id": "en-krēsls-lv-noun-ubgrCJD2",
      "links": [
        [
          "chair",
          "chair"
        ],
        [
          "piece",
          "piece#English"
        ],
        [
          "furniture",
          "furniture#English"
        ],
        [
          "sit",
          "sit#English"
        ],
        [
          "consist",
          "consist#English"
        ],
        [
          "backrest",
          "backrest#English"
        ],
        [
          "single",
          "single#English"
        ],
        [
          "seat",
          "seat#English"
        ],
        [
          "mount",
          "mount#English"
        ],
        [
          "several",
          "several#English"
        ],
        [
          "usually",
          "usually#English"
        ],
        [
          "four",
          "four#English"
        ],
        [
          "feet",
          "feet#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "lv",
          "name": "Construction",
          "orig": "lv:Construction",
          "parents": [
            "Architecture",
            "Engineering",
            "Applied sciences",
            "Art",
            "Technology",
            "Sciences",
            "Culture",
            "All topics",
            "Society",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian words with level intonation",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "jumta krēsls ― roof chair (= truss)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a structure of beams that supports the rafters and the roof of a house; roof truss"
      ],
      "id": "en-krēsls-lv-noun-fvYSPftp",
      "links": [
        [
          "construction",
          "construction"
        ],
        [
          "structure",
          "structure"
        ],
        [
          "beam",
          "beam"
        ],
        [
          "support",
          "support"
        ],
        [
          "rafter",
          "rafter"
        ],
        [
          "roof",
          "roof"
        ],
        [
          "house",
          "house"
        ],
        [
          "truss",
          "truss"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(construction) a structure of beams that supports the rafters and the roof of a house; roof truss"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "business",
        "construction",
        "manufacturing"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[krǣːsls]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "lv-riga-krēsls.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Lv-riga-kr%C4%93sls.ogg/Lv-riga-kr%C4%93sls.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Lv-riga-kr%C4%93sls.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "lv:krēsls"
  ],
  "word": "krēsls"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
    "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
    "Latvian first declension nouns",
    "Latvian lemmas",
    "Latvian masculine nouns",
    "Latvian nouns",
    "Latvian terms borrowed from Slavic languages",
    "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic",
    "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latvian terms derived from Slavic languages",
    "Latvian terms inherited from Proto-Baltic",
    "Latvian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Latvian terms with audio links",
    "Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "Latvian words with level intonation",
    "lv:Furniture"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "sla"
      },
      "expansion": "Slavic",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*krěslo"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *krěslo",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*krosno",
        "3": "",
        "4": "loom, weaving frame"
      },
      "expansion": "*krosno (“loom, weaving frame”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bat"
      },
      "expansion": "Baltic",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "kreslis",
        "3": "",
        "4": "removable sleigh backrest"
      },
      "expansion": "kreslis (“removable sleigh backrest”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "kreša",
        "3": "",
        "4": "little bench"
      },
      "expansion": "kreša (“little bench”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "krãsė"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian krãsė",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "kresė̃",
        "3": "",
        "4": "chair"
      },
      "expansion": "kresė̃ (“chair”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "krẽstas",
        "3": "",
        "4": "bench"
      },
      "expansion": "krẽstas (“bench”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla"
      },
      "expansion": "Slavic",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bg",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Bulgarian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "krēsls"
      },
      "expansion": "krēsls",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "*krēs-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *krēs-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "krest",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to shake"
      },
      "expansion": "krest (“to shake”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "hrista",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to shake"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse hrista (“to shake”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gml",
        "2": "risten",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to braid, to weave"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Low German risten (“to braid, to weave”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kert-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kert-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*kret-"
      },
      "expansion": "*kret-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*(s)ker-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to turn, to bend"
      },
      "expansion": "*(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "krė́slas",
        "3": "",
        "4": "chair; chair with backrest; armchair"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian krė́slas (“chair; chair with backrest; armchair”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "creslan",
        "3": "",
        "4": "chair with backrest"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian creslan (“chair with backrest”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "кре́сло",
        "3": "",
        "4": "armchair"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian кре́сло (kréslo, “armchair”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bg",
        "2": "кресло́",
        "3": "",
        "4": "armchair"
      },
      "expansion": "Bulgarian кресло́ (kresló, “armchair”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "křeslo",
        "3": "",
        "4": "armchair"
      },
      "expansion": "Czech křeslo (“armchair”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "krzesło",
        "3": "",
        "4": "armchair"
      },
      "expansion": "Polish krzesło (“armchair”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Some researchers consider this word borrowed from Slavic, where a possible Proto-Slavic *krěslo could be related to *krosno (“loom, weaving frame”), the rectangular form of which is reminiscent of chairs. Other researchers, pointing out that this would not explain the number of cognate formations in Baltic (e.g., dialectal Latvian kreslis (“removable sleigh backrest”), kreša (“little bench”), dialectal Lithuanian krãsė, kresė̃ (“chair”), krẽstas (“bench”)), suggest that the Slavic cognates are actually borrowings from Baltic. The latter hypothesis is supported by their distribution: there are no reflexes in Southern Slavic languages (the Bulgarian cognate is a later borrowing). If so, krēsls would come (via Proto-Baltic *krēs- with an extra l) from the same stem as the verb krest (“to shake”), older meaning “to braid, to weave” (for a link between the notions of “shaking” and “weaving,” see Old Norse hrista (“to shake”), Middle Low German risten (“to braid, to weave”)): Proto-Indo-European *kert-, *kret-, from *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”). The original meaning would then have been “woven object” (folk songs suggest that earlier chairs were indeed made by weaving wickers). Cognates include Lithuanian krė́slas (“chair; chair with backrest; armchair”), Old Prussian creslan (“chair with backrest”), Russian кре́сло (kréslo, “armchair”), Bulgarian кресло́ (kresló, “armchair”), Czech křeslo (“armchair”), Polish krzesło (“armchair”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "declension-1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1st declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsls",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsli",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsla",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsliem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsliem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēslos",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krēsli",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "krēsls m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "1st"
      },
      "expansion": "krēsls m (1st declension)",
      "name": "lv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krēsl",
        "2": "s",
        "3": "1st",
        "extrawidth": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krēsl",
        "2": "s",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "drop-v": "",
        "keep-s": "",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krēsls",
        "10": "krēsliem",
        "11": "krēslā",
        "12": "krēslos",
        "13": "krēsl",
        "14": "krēsli",
        "2": "krēsli",
        "3": "krēslu",
        "4": "krēslus",
        "5": "krēsla",
        "6": "krēslu",
        "7": "krēslam",
        "8": "krēsliem",
        "9": "krēslu",
        "type": "1st declension",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "wicker chair",
          "text": "pīts krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "rush, reed chair",
          "text": "meldru krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "swivel chair",
          "text": "grozāmais krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "folding chair",
          "text": "saliekamais krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "armchair (lit. resting chair)",
          "text": "atpūtas krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "chair with a large backrest (lit. backrest chair)",
          "text": "atzveltnes krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "honor chair (where the honor guest will sit)",
          "text": "goda krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "dentist's chair",
          "text": "stomatoloģiskais krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "electric chair (for executing criminals)",
          "text": "elektriskais krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "confession chair, confessional",
          "text": "bikts krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Holy See (lit. Holy Chair, which the Pope sits on)",
          "text": "Svētais Krēsls",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "mother fell into the chair and hid her face in (her) apron",
          "text": "māte atkrita krēslā un aizsedza vaigu ar priekšautu",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Andrejs and Milda slowly sat down on the soft (arm)chairs, though they did not feel at all like sitting",
          "text": "Andrejs un Milda lēni atlaidās mīkstajos krēslos, lai gan sēdēt nemaz negribējās",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "chair (piece of furniture for sitting, consisting of a backrest and a single seat mounted on several, usually four, feet)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "chair",
          "chair"
        ],
        [
          "piece",
          "piece#English"
        ],
        [
          "furniture",
          "furniture#English"
        ],
        [
          "sit",
          "sit#English"
        ],
        [
          "consist",
          "consist#English"
        ],
        [
          "backrest",
          "backrest#English"
        ],
        [
          "single",
          "single#English"
        ],
        [
          "seat",
          "seat#English"
        ],
        [
          "mount",
          "mount#English"
        ],
        [
          "several",
          "several#English"
        ],
        [
          "usually",
          "usually#English"
        ],
        [
          "four",
          "four#English"
        ],
        [
          "feet",
          "feet#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian terms with usage examples",
        "lv:Construction"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "jumta krēsls ― roof chair (= truss)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a structure of beams that supports the rafters and the roof of a house; roof truss"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "construction",
          "construction"
        ],
        [
          "structure",
          "structure"
        ],
        [
          "beam",
          "beam"
        ],
        [
          "support",
          "support"
        ],
        [
          "rafter",
          "rafter"
        ],
        [
          "roof",
          "roof"
        ],
        [
          "house",
          "house"
        ],
        [
          "truss",
          "truss"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(construction) a structure of beams that supports the rafters and the roof of a house; roof truss"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "business",
        "construction",
        "manufacturing"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[krǣːsls]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "lv-riga-krēsls.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Lv-riga-kr%C4%93sls.ogg/Lv-riga-kr%C4%93sls.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Lv-riga-kr%C4%93sls.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "lv:krēsls"
  ],
  "word": "krēsls"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latvian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.