See vallum in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "vallo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "vall"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "valo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "valo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "vala"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "valla"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "vaḍḍu"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "avulli"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"learned borrowing",
"learned"
],
"word": "vallum"
},
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "val"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "wał"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "val"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*wall"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:<alt:*walso-><ety:der<ine-pro:*welH->>",
"id": "wall"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*welH-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"vallum\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"wall\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"vallum\" id=\"Latin:_wall\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἧλος",
"t": "nailhead, stud"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἧλος (hêlos, “nailhead, stud”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*walso-"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*uh₂lso-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *uh₂lso-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*wə́lH.no-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wə́lH.no-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Schrijver suggests a connection with Ancient Greek ἧλος (hêlos, “nailhead, stud”). If this theory is accepted, then the term may reflect Proto-Italic *walso-, from earlier from Proto-Indo-European *uh₂lso-. However, De Vaan considers this explanation to be uncompelling. Alternatively, Prósper suggests that the term could reflect Proto-Indo-European *wə́lH.no-, from *welH- (“to turn, roll”), provided that her rendition of the palma-rule is accepted.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "vallī",
"links": [
[
"vallī",
"valli"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "vallum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "valla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vallī",
"links": [
[
"vallī",
"valli#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vallōrum",
"links": [
[
"vallōrum",
"vallorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vallō",
"links": [
[
"vallō",
"vallo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vallīs",
"links": [
[
"vallīs",
"vallis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vallum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "valla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vallō",
"links": [
[
"vallō",
"vallo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vallīs",
"links": [
[
"vallīs",
"vallis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vallum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "valla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vallum<2>"
},
"expansion": "vallum n (genitive vallī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vallum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "circumvāllō"
},
{
"word": "intervallum"
},
{
"word": "vallaris"
},
{
"word": "vallō"
},
{
"word": "vallus"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "[…] ; though I had as lief not to speak of glory, when the enemy jeers us with much abuse as if women concealing behind walls, and […]",
"ref": "27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 7.13.6",
"text": "[…]; quamquam de gloria vix dicere ausim, si nos et hostes haud secus quam feminas abditos intra vallum omnibus contumeliis eludunt, et […]",
"translation": "[…] ; though I had as lief not to speak of glory, when the enemy jeers us with much abuse as if women concealing behind walls, and […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wall, rampart, entrenchment"
],
"id": "en-vallum-la-noun-J0eCZdOq",
"links": [
[
"wall",
"wall"
],
[
"rampart",
"rampart"
],
[
"entrenchment",
"entrenchment"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈwal.lũː]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈval.lum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "vallum"
}
{
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "non-lemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "vallum",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "stake",
"word": "vallus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"accusative singular of vallus (“stake”)"
],
"id": "en-vallum-la-noun-yO5SOqyR",
"links": [
[
"vallus",
"vallus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "vallum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin noun forms",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *welH-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "circumvāllō"
},
{
"word": "intervallum"
},
{
"word": "vallaris"
},
{
"word": "vallō"
},
{
"word": "vallus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "vallo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "vall"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "valo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "valo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "vala"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "valla"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "vaḍḍu"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "avulli"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"learned borrowing",
"learned"
],
"word": "vallum"
},
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "val"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "wał"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "val"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*wall"
}
],
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"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:<alt:*walso-><ety:der<ine-pro:*welH->>",
"id": "wall"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*welH-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"vallum\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"wall\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"vallum\" id=\"Latin:_wall\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἧλος",
"t": "nailhead, stud"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἧλος (hêlos, “nailhead, stud”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*walso-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *walso-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*uh₂lso-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *uh₂lso-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*wə́lH.no-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wə́lH.no-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Schrijver suggests a connection with Ancient Greek ἧλος (hêlos, “nailhead, stud”). If this theory is accepted, then the term may reflect Proto-Italic *walso-, from earlier from Proto-Indo-European *uh₂lso-. However, De Vaan considers this explanation to be uncompelling. Alternatively, Prósper suggests that the term could reflect Proto-Indo-European *wə́lH.no-, from *welH- (“to turn, roll”), provided that her rendition of the palma-rule is accepted.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "vallī",
"links": [
[
"vallī",
"valli"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "vallum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "valla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vallī",
"links": [
[
"vallī",
"valli#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vallōrum",
"links": [
[
"vallōrum",
"vallorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vallō",
"links": [
[
"vallō",
"vallo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vallīs",
"links": [
[
"vallīs",
"vallis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vallum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "valla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vallō",
"links": [
[
"vallō",
"vallo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vallīs",
"links": [
[
"vallīs",
"vallis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vallum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "valla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vallum<2>"
},
"expansion": "vallum n (genitive vallī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vallum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "[…] ; though I had as lief not to speak of glory, when the enemy jeers us with much abuse as if women concealing behind walls, and […]",
"ref": "27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 7.13.6",
"text": "[…]; quamquam de gloria vix dicere ausim, si nos et hostes haud secus quam feminas abditos intra vallum omnibus contumeliis eludunt, et […]",
"translation": "[…] ; though I had as lief not to speak of glory, when the enemy jeers us with much abuse as if women concealing behind walls, and […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wall, rampart, entrenchment"
],
"links": [
[
"wall",
"wall"
],
[
"rampart",
"rampart"
],
[
"entrenchment",
"entrenchment"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈwal.lũː]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈval.lum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "vallum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin noun forms",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "non-lemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "vallum",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "stake",
"word": "vallus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"accusative singular of vallus (“stake”)"
],
"links": [
[
"vallus",
"vallus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "vallum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for vallum meaning in Latin (6.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.