See barba in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "barbā tenus sapiēns"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "barbātōria"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "barbātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "barbescō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "barbiger"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "barbiō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "barbitium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "barbula"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "barbus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "imberbis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "malebarbis"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "barbã"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: barbã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: barbã"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruo",
"2": "borbĕ"
},
"expansion": "Istro-Romanian: borbĕ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Istro-Romanian: borbĕ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "barbă"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: barbă",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: barbă"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "bârba"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: bârba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: bârba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "egl",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Emilian: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Emilian: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "bàrba"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: bàrba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: bàrba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: barba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Dalmatian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Italian: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlm",
"2": "buarba"
},
"expansion": "Dalmatian: buarba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dalmatian: buarba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "varva",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: varva, barba, varba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: varva, barba, varba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Occitano-Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: barba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oïl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Old French: barbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: barbe\nFrench: barbe",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: barbe\nFrench: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro-nor",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Old Northern French: barbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Northern French: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Norman: barbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norman: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wa",
"2": "båbe"
},
"expansion": "Walloon: båbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Walloon: båbe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman: barbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Anglo-Norman: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Rhaeto-Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: barbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: barba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "balba",
"3": "barba",
"4": "balva"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: balba, barba, balva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: balba, barba, balva"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "barbièr",
"der": "1",
"t": "barber"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Venetan: barbièr (“barber”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Venetan: barbièr (“barber”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "بربر",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "berber"
},
"expansion": "→ Ottoman Turkish: بربر (berber)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ottoman Turkish: بربر (berber) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Iberian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "an",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Aragonese: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aragonese: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "barva"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: barva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: barva"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Galician: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: barba"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: barba\n→ Sranan Tongo: barba\nAukan: baiba",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: barba\n→ Sranan Tongo: barba\nAukan: baiba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lad",
"2": "barva",
"3": "בארב׳ה"
},
"expansion": "Ladino: barva, בארב׳ה",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ladino: barva, בארב׳ה"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: barba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*barv",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *barv",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *barv"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "barv"
},
"expansion": "Breton: barv",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: barv"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "barv"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: barv",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: barv"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "barf"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: barf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: barf"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰardʰéh₂",
"t": "beard"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂ (“beard”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰ"
},
"expansion": "*bʰ",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "[f]",
"name": "ic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "b"
},
"expansion": "[b]",
"name": "ic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/b-/"
},
"expansion": "/b-/",
"name": "ic"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂ (“beard”). Since PIE *bʰ normally became [f] at the start of a Latin word, the initial [b] calls for some explanation. It is generally attributed to long-distance regressive assimilation in voicing and/or manner of articulation (e.g. *farb- > barb-).\nMore information\nKatz (1998 and 2006:335-337) identifies one other potential example of this sound change, berber (found only in the Carmen Arvale; interpreted by Katz as meaning \"firm\", cognate to firmus, from *dʰer-), and proposes the sound law *fVrb- > bVrb-, noting it has no apparent counterexamples. This sound law is also endorsed by Weiss 2018:439-440 (citing Katz 2006), with the same examples, although Weiss prefers to interpret berber as meaning 'at every door' and derive it from *dʰwer- (“door, gate”) via *dʰwer-dʰwer (citing Weiss 2017 and Ligorio 2012). On the other hand, De Vaan 2008, citing Driessen 2001, considers this rule ad hoc. For comparison, fiber from *bʰébʰrus (with the similar but not identical shape fVbr-) shows a lack of assimilation (Katz 2006:336).\nPreviously, Weiss 2009 suggested the alternative of deriving the */b-/ via long-distance aspirate dissimilation (\"limited Latin Grassmann's Law\") turning *bʰardʰeh₂ into *bardʰeh₂.\nDe Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *farβā on the assumption that Italian farfecchie is borrowed from a cognate word in another Italic language. If this reconstruction is correct, then the assimilation discussed above must have postdated the common Italic stage.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "barbae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "barba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "barba<1>"
},
"expansion": "barba f (genitive barbae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "barba<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "57 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 14 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "90 2 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Hair",
"orig": "la:Hair",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"All topics",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"Health"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A beard does not make a philosopher.",
"text": "Barba nōn facit philosophum.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I see a beard and cloak; a philosopher I don’t yet see.",
"text": "Videō barbam et pallium; philosophum nōndum videō.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beard (facial hair)"
],
"id": "en-barba-la-noun-9OPNqqmh",
"links": [
[
"beard",
"beard"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"sense": "beard",
"word": "barbitium"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "42 14 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wool, down on a plant"
],
"id": "en-barba-la-noun-Ta7tpseQ",
"links": [
[
"wool",
"wool"
],
[
"down",
"down"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) wool, down on a plant"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine",
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbar.ba/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbärbä]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbar.ba/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbärbä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "barba"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ML.",
"2": "barbās",
"3": "",
"4": "paternal uncle"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin barbās (“paternal uncle”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A variant form of the Medieval Latin barbās (“paternal uncle”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "barbae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "barba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "barba<1>",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "barba m (genitive barbae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "barba<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "barbās"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 7 68",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 14 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of barbās"
],
"id": "en-barba-la-noun-TjBwV0cw",
"links": [
[
"barbās",
"barbas#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbar.ba/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbärbä]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbar.ba/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbärbä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "barba"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Hair"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "barbā tenus sapiēns"
},
{
"word": "barbātōria"
},
{
"word": "barbātus"
},
{
"word": "barbescō"
},
{
"word": "barbiger"
},
{
"word": "barbiō"
},
{
"word": "barbitium"
},
{
"word": "barbula"
},
{
"word": "barbus"
},
{
"word": "imberbis"
},
{
"word": "malebarbis"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "barbã"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: barbã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: barbã"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruo",
"2": "borbĕ"
},
"expansion": "Istro-Romanian: borbĕ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Istro-Romanian: borbĕ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "barbă"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: barbă",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: barbă"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "bârba"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: bârba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: bârba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "egl",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Emilian: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Emilian: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "bàrba"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: bàrba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: bàrba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: barba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Dalmatian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Italian: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlm",
"2": "buarba"
},
"expansion": "Dalmatian: buarba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dalmatian: buarba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "varva",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: varva, barba, varba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: varva, barba, varba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Occitano-Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: barba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oïl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Old French: barbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: barbe\nFrench: barbe",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: barbe\nFrench: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro-nor",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Old Northern French: barbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Northern French: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Norman: barbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norman: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wa",
"2": "båbe"
},
"expansion": "Walloon: båbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Walloon: båbe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman: barbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Anglo-Norman: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Rhaeto-Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "barbe"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: barbe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: barbe"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: barba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "balba",
"3": "barba",
"4": "balva"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: balba, barba, balva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: balba, barba, balva"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "barbièr",
"der": "1",
"t": "barber"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Venetan: barbièr (“barber”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Venetan: barbièr (“barber”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "بربر",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "berber"
},
"expansion": "→ Ottoman Turkish: بربر (berber)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ottoman Turkish: بربر (berber) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Iberian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "an",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Aragonese: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aragonese: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: barba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "barva"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: barva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: barva"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Galician: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: barba"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: barba\n→ Sranan Tongo: barba\nAukan: baiba",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: barba\n→ Sranan Tongo: barba\nAukan: baiba"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lad",
"2": "barva",
"3": "בארב׳ה"
},
"expansion": "Ladino: barva, בארב׳ה",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ladino: barva, בארב׳ה"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "barba"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: barba",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: barba"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*barv",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *barv",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *barv"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "barv"
},
"expansion": "Breton: barv",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: barv"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "barv"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: barv",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: barv"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "barf"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: barf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: barf"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰardʰéh₂",
"t": "beard"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂ (“beard”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰ"
},
"expansion": "*bʰ",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "[f]",
"name": "ic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "b"
},
"expansion": "[b]",
"name": "ic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/b-/"
},
"expansion": "/b-/",
"name": "ic"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂ (“beard”). Since PIE *bʰ normally became [f] at the start of a Latin word, the initial [b] calls for some explanation. It is generally attributed to long-distance regressive assimilation in voicing and/or manner of articulation (e.g. *farb- > barb-).\nMore information\nKatz (1998 and 2006:335-337) identifies one other potential example of this sound change, berber (found only in the Carmen Arvale; interpreted by Katz as meaning \"firm\", cognate to firmus, from *dʰer-), and proposes the sound law *fVrb- > bVrb-, noting it has no apparent counterexamples. This sound law is also endorsed by Weiss 2018:439-440 (citing Katz 2006), with the same examples, although Weiss prefers to interpret berber as meaning 'at every door' and derive it from *dʰwer- (“door, gate”) via *dʰwer-dʰwer (citing Weiss 2017 and Ligorio 2012). On the other hand, De Vaan 2008, citing Driessen 2001, considers this rule ad hoc. For comparison, fiber from *bʰébʰrus (with the similar but not identical shape fVbr-) shows a lack of assimilation (Katz 2006:336).\nPreviously, Weiss 2009 suggested the alternative of deriving the */b-/ via long-distance aspirate dissimilation (\"limited Latin Grassmann's Law\") turning *bʰardʰeh₂ into *bardʰeh₂.\nDe Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *farβā on the assumption that Italian farfecchie is borrowed from a cognate word in another Italic language. If this reconstruction is correct, then the assimilation discussed above must have postdated the common Italic stage.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "barbae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "barba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "barba<1>"
},
"expansion": "barba f (genitive barbae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "barba<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A beard does not make a philosopher.",
"text": "Barba nōn facit philosophum.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I see a beard and cloak; a philosopher I don’t yet see.",
"text": "Videō barbam et pallium; philosophum nōndum videō.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beard (facial hair)"
],
"links": [
[
"beard",
"beard"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"wool, down on a plant"
],
"links": [
[
"wool",
"wool"
],
[
"down",
"down"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) wool, down on a plant"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine",
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbar.ba/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbärbä]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbar.ba/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbärbä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "beard",
"word": "barbitium"
}
],
"word": "barba"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Hair"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ML.",
"2": "barbās",
"3": "",
"4": "paternal uncle"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin barbās (“paternal uncle”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A variant form of the Medieval Latin barbās (“paternal uncle”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "barbae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "barba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barbā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barbīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barba",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "barbae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "barba<1>",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "barba m (genitive barbae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "barba<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "barbās"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of barbās"
],
"links": [
[
"barbās",
"barbas#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbar.ba/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbärbä]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbar.ba/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbärbä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "barba"
}
Download raw JSONL data for barba meaning in Latin (13.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (05fdf6b and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.