"aurum" meaning in Latin

See aurum in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈau̯.rum/ [Classical-Latin], [ˈäu̯rʊ̃ˑ] [Classical-Latin], /ˈau̯.rum/ (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical), [ˈäːu̯rum] (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) Forms: aurī [genitive], no-table-tags [table-tags], aurum [nominative, singular], aurī [genitive, singular], aurō [dative, singular], aurum [accusative, singular], aurō [ablative, singular], aurum [singular, vocative]
Etymology: Rhoticization of Old Latin ausum, from Proto-Italic *auzom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂é-h₂us-óm (“gold”), from *h₂ews- (“to dawn, become light, become red”). Cognate with Lithuanian áuksas, Old Lithuanian ausas, Old Prussian ausis, Tocharian A wäs, Tocharian B yasā. Etymology templates: {{inh|la|itc-pro|*auzom}} Proto-Italic *auzom, {{der|la|ine-pro|*h₂é-h₂us-óm||gold}} Proto-Indo-European *h₂é-h₂us-óm (“gold”), {{cog|lt|áuksas}} Lithuanian áuksas, {{cog|olt|ausas}} Old Lithuanian ausas, {{cog|prg|ausis}} Old Prussian ausis, {{cog|xto|wäs}} Tocharian A wäs, {{cog|txb|yasā}} Tocharian B yasā Head templates: {{la-noun|aurum<2>}} aurum n (genitive aurī); second declension Inflection templates: {{la-ndecl|aurum<2.sg>}}
  1. gold (as mineral or metal) Tags: declension-2, neuter
    Sense id: en-aurum-la-noun-FFIHnmpG
  2. gold (colour) Tags: declension-2, neuter
    Sense id: en-aurum-la-noun-8v051xBI
  3. any object made of gold, such as a gold coin or a gold ring Tags: declension-2, neuter Categories (topical): Chemical elements, Gold
    Sense id: en-aurum-la-noun-TPm8sfC0 Disambiguation of Chemical elements: 4 2 45 10 39 Disambiguation of Gold: 18 17 37 5 22 Categories (other): Pages with 4 entries, Pages with entries, Latin entries with incorrect language header, Latin terms with variable monophthongization Disambiguation of Pages with 4 entries: 31 4 2 1 35 6 22 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 32 3 1 1 44 4 16 Disambiguation of Latin entries with incorrect language header: 4 1 76 10 8 Disambiguation of Latin terms with variable monophthongization: 7 7 42 34 9
  4. lustre Tags: declension-2, neuter
    Sense id: en-aurum-la-noun-4KUeK5h- Categories (other): Latin terms with variable monophthongization Disambiguation of Latin terms with variable monophthongization: 7 7 42 34 9
  5. a Golden Age Tags: declension-2, neuter Categories (topical): Chemical elements, Colors, Metals
    Sense id: en-aurum-la-noun-ccAlvzaO Disambiguation of Chemical elements: 4 2 45 10 39 Disambiguation of Colors: 4 12 23 15 46 Disambiguation of Metals: 10 4 25 12 49 Categories (other): Pages with 4 entries, Latin neuter nouns in the second declension Disambiguation of Pages with 4 entries: 31 4 2 1 35 6 22 Disambiguation of Latin neuter nouns in the second declension: 10 7 22 20 42
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: ausum [archaic], ōrum, [alchemy, pseudoscience] Synonyms (the metal gold): chrȳsos
Disambiguation of 'the metal gold': 42 35 23 0 0 Derived forms: aurārius, aurea pellis, aurēscō, aureus, auricoctor, auricolor, auricomāns, auricomus, aurifer, aurifex, aurifluus, aurifodīna, aurifrigium, aurigāns, aurigena, auriger, aurilegulus, auripigmentum, aurivestrix, aurō, aurōclāvus, aurōsus, aurūgō, aurulentus Related terms: aura, aurāria, aurāta, aurātilis, aurātūra, aurātus, aureātus, Aurēlia, Aurēlius, aureolus, aurificīna, aurificium, aurūgineus, aurūginō, aurūginōsus

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurārius"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurea pellis"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurēscō"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aureus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "auricoctor"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "auricolor"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "auricomāns"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "auricomus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurifer"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurifex"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurifluus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurifodīna"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurifrigium"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurigāns"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurigena"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "auriger"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurilegulus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "auripigmentum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurivestrix"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurō"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurōclāvus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurōsus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurūgō"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurulentus"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Balkan-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rup",
            "2": "avru"
          },
          "expansion": "Aromanian: avru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Aromanian: avru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ruo",
            "2": "aur"
          },
          "expansion": "Istro-Romanian: aur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Istro-Romanian: aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ro",
            "2": "aur"
          },
          "expansion": "Romanian: aur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romanian: aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Dalmatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dlm",
            "2": "jaur",
            "alts": "1",
            "nolb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "jaur, yaur, uar, vuar, iuar",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "jaur, yaur, uar, vuar, iuar"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Italo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "co",
            "2": "oru"
          },
          "expansion": "Corsican: oru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Corsican: oru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "it",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Italian: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Italian: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "eo",
            "2": "oro",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Esperanto: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Esperanto: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc",
            "2": "oru",
            "3": "oro",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Sardinian: oru, oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Sardinian: oru, oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nap",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Neapolitan: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Neapolitan: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "scn",
            "2": "oru",
            "3": "àuru"
          },
          "expansion": "Sicilian: oru, àuru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sicilian: oru, àuru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "North Italian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Gallo-Italic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "egl",
            "2": "òr",
            "3": "ôr"
          },
          "expansion": "Emilian: òr, ôr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Emilian: òr, ôr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lij",
            "2": "öo"
          },
          "expansion": "Ligurian: öo",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ligurian: öo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lmo",
            "2": "òr"
          },
          "expansion": "Lombard: òr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lombard: òr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pms",
            "2": "òr"
          },
          "expansion": "Piedmontese: òr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Piedmontese: òr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rgn",
            "2": "or"
          },
          "expansion": "Romagnol: or",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romagnol: or"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fur",
            "2": "aur"
          },
          "expansion": "Friulian: aur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Friulian: aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lld",
            "2": "or"
          },
          "expansion": "Ladin: or",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ladin: or"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rm",
            "2": "aur",
            "3": "or",
            "4": "ôr"
          },
          "expansion": "Romansch: aur, or, ôr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romansch: aur, or, ôr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vec",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Venetan: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Venetan: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Gallo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frp",
            "2": "or",
            "3": "eu",
            "4": "eur",
            "5": "ouâ"
          },
          "expansion": "Franco-Provençal: or, eu, eur, ouâ",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Franco-Provençal: or, eu, eur, ouâ"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc",
            "2": "aur"
          },
          "expansion": "Occitan: aur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Occitan: aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-oca",
            "2": "or",
            "3": "aur"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Catalan: or, aur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Catalan: or, aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ca",
            "2": "or"
          },
          "expansion": "Catalan: or",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Catalan: or"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "or"
          },
          "expansion": "Old French: or\nMiddle French: or, aur (alternate Latinized spelling)\nFrench: or\nHaitian Creole: lò\n→ English: or\nWalloon: ôr",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old French: or\nMiddle French: or, aur (alternate Latinized spelling)\nFrench: or\nHaitian Creole: lò\n→ English: or\nWalloon: ôr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Ibero-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "an",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Aragonese: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Aragonese: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-ole",
            "2": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Old Leonese:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Leonese:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ast",
            "2": "oru"
          },
          "expansion": "Asturian: oru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Asturian: oru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ext",
            "2": "oru"
          },
          "expansion": "Extremaduran: oru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Extremaduran: oru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-leo",
            "2": "ouru",
            "3": "oru"
          },
          "expansion": "Leonese: ouru, oru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Leonese: ouru, oru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mwl",
            "2": "ouro"
          },
          "expansion": "Mirandese: ouro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Mirandese: ouro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-opt",
            "2": "ouro"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ouro\nGalician: ouro\nPortuguese: ouro (see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ouro\nGalician: ouro\nPortuguese: ouro (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osp",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Spanish: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Spanish: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lad",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Ladino: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ladino: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "es",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Spanish: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Spanish: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Ancient borrowings:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "ar",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Albanian: ar",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Albanian: ar"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sga",
            "2": "ór",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Irish: ór\nIrish: ór\nManx: airh\nScottish Gaelic: òr",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Irish: ór\nIrish: ór\nManx: airh\nScottish Gaelic: òr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-bry-pro",
            "2": "*awr",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *awr\nBreton: aour\nOld Cornish: our\nCornish: owr\nOld Welsh: our\nWelsh: awr\nMiddle Welsh: eur (probably < Latin aureus)\nWelsh: aur",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *awr\nBreton: aour\nOld Cornish: our\nCornish: owr\nOld Welsh: our\nWelsh: awr\nMiddle Welsh: eur (probably < Latin aureus)\nWelsh: aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Later borrowings:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "aurum",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: aurum",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: aurum"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "it",
            "2": "auro",
            "3": "auro-",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Italian: auro, auro-",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Italian: auro, auro-"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*auzom"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *auzom",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂é-h₂us-óm",
        "4": "",
        "5": "gold"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂é-h₂us-óm (“gold”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "áuksas"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian áuksas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "olt",
        "2": "ausas"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Lithuanian ausas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "ausis"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian ausis",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xto",
        "2": "wäs"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian A wäs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txb",
        "2": "yasā"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian B yasā",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Rhoticization of Old Latin ausum, from Proto-Italic *auzom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂é-h₂us-óm (“gold”), from *h₂ews- (“to dawn, become light, become red”). Cognate with Lithuanian áuksas, Old Lithuanian ausas, Old Prussian ausis, Tocharian A wäs, Tocharian B yasā.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "aurī",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aurum<2>"
      },
      "expansion": "aurum n (genitive aurī); second declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aurum<2.sg>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aura"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurāria"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurāta"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurātilis"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurātūra"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurātus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aureātus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "Aurēlia"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "Aurēlius"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aureolus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurificīna"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurificium"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurūgineus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurūginō"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aurūginōsus"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.138-139",
          "text": "Cui pharetrā ex aurō, crīnēs nōdantur in aurum,\naurea purpuream subnectit fībula vestem.\n[Dido appears,] with her gold quiver, her tresses knotted into a gold [clasp], [and] a gold buckle fastens her purple gown.\n(See also: aurea. Cf. 4.134: Dido’s horse likewise is ornamented “aurō”.)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "gold (as mineral or metal)"
      ],
      "id": "en-aurum-la-noun-FFIHnmpG",
      "links": [
        [
          "gold",
          "gold"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "gold (colour)"
      ],
      "id": "en-aurum-la-noun-8v051xBI",
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "31 4 2 1 35 6 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 4 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "32 3 1 1 44 4 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 1 76 10 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 7 42 34 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin terms with variable monophthongization",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 45 10 39",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Chemical elements",
          "orig": "la:Chemical elements",
          "parents": [
            "Matter",
            "Chemistry",
            "Nature",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 17 37 5 22",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Gold",
          "orig": "la:Gold",
          "parents": [
            "Transition metals",
            "Chemical elements",
            "Metals",
            "Matter",
            "Metallurgy",
            "Chemistry",
            "Nature",
            "Technology",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "any object made of gold, such as a gold coin or a gold ring"
      ],
      "id": "en-aurum-la-noun-TPm8sfC0",
      "links": [
        [
          "object",
          "object"
        ],
        [
          "coin",
          "coin"
        ],
        [
          "ring",
          "ring"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 7 42 34 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin terms with variable monophthongization",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "lustre"
      ],
      "id": "en-aurum-la-noun-4KUeK5h-",
      "links": [
        [
          "lustre",
          "lustre"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "31 4 2 1 35 6 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 4 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 7 22 20 42",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 45 10 39",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Chemical elements",
          "orig": "la:Chemical elements",
          "parents": [
            "Matter",
            "Chemistry",
            "Nature",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 12 23 15 46",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Colors",
          "orig": "la:Colors",
          "parents": [
            "Light",
            "Vision",
            "Energy",
            "Senses",
            "Nature",
            "Perception",
            "All topics",
            "Body",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 4 25 12 49",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Metals",
          "orig": "la:Metals",
          "parents": [
            "Matter",
            "Metallurgy",
            "Chemistry",
            "Nature",
            "Technology",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a Golden Age"
      ],
      "id": "en-aurum-la-noun-ccAlvzaO",
      "links": [
        [
          "Golden Age",
          "Golden Age"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "neuter"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈau̯.rum/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈäu̯rʊ̃ˑ]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈau̯.rum/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈäːu̯rum]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "42 35 23 0 0",
      "sense": "the metal gold",
      "word": "chrȳsos"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "ausum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "ōrum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "topics": [
        "alchemy",
        "pseudoscience"
      ],
      "word": "☉"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "la:aurum"
  ],
  "word": "aurum"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 2-syllable words",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin lemmas",
    "Latin neuter nouns",
    "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
    "Latin nouns",
    "Latin second declension nouns",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
    "Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Latin terms with variable monophthongization",
    "Pages with 4 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "la:Chemical elements",
    "la:Colors",
    "la:Gold",
    "la:Metals"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "aurārius"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurea pellis"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurēscō"
    },
    {
      "word": "aureus"
    },
    {
      "word": "auricoctor"
    },
    {
      "word": "auricolor"
    },
    {
      "word": "auricomāns"
    },
    {
      "word": "auricomus"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurifer"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurifex"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurifluus"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurifodīna"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurifrigium"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurigāns"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurigena"
    },
    {
      "word": "auriger"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurilegulus"
    },
    {
      "word": "auripigmentum"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurivestrix"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurō"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurōclāvus"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurōsus"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurūgō"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurulentus"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Balkan-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rup",
            "2": "avru"
          },
          "expansion": "Aromanian: avru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Aromanian: avru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ruo",
            "2": "aur"
          },
          "expansion": "Istro-Romanian: aur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Istro-Romanian: aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ro",
            "2": "aur"
          },
          "expansion": "Romanian: aur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romanian: aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Dalmatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dlm",
            "2": "jaur",
            "alts": "1",
            "nolb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "jaur, yaur, uar, vuar, iuar",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "jaur, yaur, uar, vuar, iuar"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Italo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "co",
            "2": "oru"
          },
          "expansion": "Corsican: oru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Corsican: oru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "it",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Italian: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Italian: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "eo",
            "2": "oro",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Esperanto: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Esperanto: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc",
            "2": "oru",
            "3": "oro",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Sardinian: oru, oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Sardinian: oru, oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nap",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Neapolitan: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Neapolitan: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "scn",
            "2": "oru",
            "3": "àuru"
          },
          "expansion": "Sicilian: oru, àuru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sicilian: oru, àuru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "North Italian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Gallo-Italic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "egl",
            "2": "òr",
            "3": "ôr"
          },
          "expansion": "Emilian: òr, ôr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Emilian: òr, ôr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lij",
            "2": "öo"
          },
          "expansion": "Ligurian: öo",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ligurian: öo"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lmo",
            "2": "òr"
          },
          "expansion": "Lombard: òr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lombard: òr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pms",
            "2": "òr"
          },
          "expansion": "Piedmontese: òr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Piedmontese: òr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rgn",
            "2": "or"
          },
          "expansion": "Romagnol: or",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romagnol: or"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fur",
            "2": "aur"
          },
          "expansion": "Friulian: aur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Friulian: aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lld",
            "2": "or"
          },
          "expansion": "Ladin: or",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ladin: or"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rm",
            "2": "aur",
            "3": "or",
            "4": "ôr"
          },
          "expansion": "Romansch: aur, or, ôr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romansch: aur, or, ôr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vec",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Venetan: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Venetan: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Gallo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frp",
            "2": "or",
            "3": "eu",
            "4": "eur",
            "5": "ouâ"
          },
          "expansion": "Franco-Provençal: or, eu, eur, ouâ",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Franco-Provençal: or, eu, eur, ouâ"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc",
            "2": "aur"
          },
          "expansion": "Occitan: aur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Occitan: aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-oca",
            "2": "or",
            "3": "aur"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Catalan: or, aur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Catalan: or, aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ca",
            "2": "or"
          },
          "expansion": "Catalan: or",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Catalan: or"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "or"
          },
          "expansion": "Old French: or\nMiddle French: or, aur (alternate Latinized spelling)\nFrench: or\nHaitian Creole: lò\n→ English: or\nWalloon: ôr",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old French: or\nMiddle French: or, aur (alternate Latinized spelling)\nFrench: or\nHaitian Creole: lò\n→ English: or\nWalloon: ôr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Ibero-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "an",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Aragonese: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Aragonese: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-ole",
            "2": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Old Leonese:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Leonese:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ast",
            "2": "oru"
          },
          "expansion": "Asturian: oru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Asturian: oru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ext",
            "2": "oru"
          },
          "expansion": "Extremaduran: oru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Extremaduran: oru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-leo",
            "2": "ouru",
            "3": "oru"
          },
          "expansion": "Leonese: ouru, oru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Leonese: ouru, oru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mwl",
            "2": "ouro"
          },
          "expansion": "Mirandese: ouro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Mirandese: ouro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-opt",
            "2": "ouro"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ouro\nGalician: ouro\nPortuguese: ouro (see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: ouro\nGalician: ouro\nPortuguese: ouro (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osp",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Spanish: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Spanish: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lad",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Ladino: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ladino: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "es",
            "2": "oro"
          },
          "expansion": "Spanish: oro",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Spanish: oro"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Ancient borrowings:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "ar",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Albanian: ar",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Albanian: ar"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sga",
            "2": "ór",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Irish: ór\nIrish: ór\nManx: airh\nScottish Gaelic: òr",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Irish: ór\nIrish: ór\nManx: airh\nScottish Gaelic: òr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-bry-pro",
            "2": "*awr",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *awr\nBreton: aour\nOld Cornish: our\nCornish: owr\nOld Welsh: our\nWelsh: awr\nMiddle Welsh: eur (probably < Latin aureus)\nWelsh: aur",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Proto-Brythonic: *awr\nBreton: aour\nOld Cornish: our\nCornish: owr\nOld Welsh: our\nWelsh: awr\nMiddle Welsh: eur (probably < Latin aureus)\nWelsh: aur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Later borrowings:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "aurum",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: aurum",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: aurum"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "it",
            "2": "auro",
            "3": "auro-",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Italian: auro, auro-",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Italian: auro, auro-"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*auzom"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *auzom",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂é-h₂us-óm",
        "4": "",
        "5": "gold"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂é-h₂us-óm (“gold”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "áuksas"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian áuksas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "olt",
        "2": "ausas"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Lithuanian ausas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "ausis"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian ausis",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xto",
        "2": "wäs"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian A wäs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "txb",
        "2": "yasā"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian B yasā",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Rhoticization of Old Latin ausum, from Proto-Italic *auzom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂é-h₂us-óm (“gold”), from *h₂ews- (“to dawn, become light, become red”). Cognate with Lithuanian áuksas, Old Lithuanian ausas, Old Prussian ausis, Tocharian A wäs, Tocharian B yasā.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "aurī",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "aurum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aurum<2>"
      },
      "expansion": "aurum n (genitive aurī); second declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aurum<2.sg>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "aura"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurāria"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurāta"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurātilis"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurātūra"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurātus"
    },
    {
      "word": "aureātus"
    },
    {
      "word": "Aurēlia"
    },
    {
      "word": "Aurēlius"
    },
    {
      "word": "aureolus"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurificīna"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurificium"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurūgineus"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurūginō"
    },
    {
      "word": "aurūginōsus"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.138-139",
          "text": "Cui pharetrā ex aurō, crīnēs nōdantur in aurum,\naurea purpuream subnectit fībula vestem.\n[Dido appears,] with her gold quiver, her tresses knotted into a gold [clasp], [and] a gold buckle fastens her purple gown.\n(See also: aurea. Cf. 4.134: Dido’s horse likewise is ornamented “aurō”.)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "gold (as mineral or metal)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "gold",
          "gold"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "gold (colour)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "any object made of gold, such as a gold coin or a gold ring"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "object",
          "object"
        ],
        [
          "coin",
          "coin"
        ],
        [
          "ring",
          "ring"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "lustre"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "lustre",
          "lustre"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "a Golden Age"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Golden Age",
          "Golden Age"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-2",
        "neuter"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈau̯.rum/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈäu̯rʊ̃ˑ]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈau̯.rum/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈäːu̯rum]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "the metal gold",
      "word": "chrȳsos"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "ausum"
    },
    {
      "word": "ōrum"
    },
    {
      "topics": [
        "alchemy",
        "pseudoscience"
      ],
      "word": "☉"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "la:aurum"
  ],
  "word": "aurum"
}

Download raw JSONL data for aurum meaning in Latin (11.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (9a96ef4 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.