"-소" meaning in Korean

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-yo",
      "word": "요"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-irau",
      "word": "이라우"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-iso",
      "word": "이소"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "okm",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Korean",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᇦ〯-",
        "2": "-sǒW-",
        "5": "object-honorific suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-, object-honorific suffix)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "okm",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Korean",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᇦ〯-",
        "2": "-sǒW-",
        "5": "object-honorific suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-, object-honorific suffix)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄋᆞ쇼〮셔〮",
        "2": "-òsyósyé",
        "5": "highly deferential imperative suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄋᆞ쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: -òsyósyé, highly deferential imperative suffix)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮쇼셔〮",
        "2": "-sòW-ósyòsyé"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (Yale: -sòW-ósyòsyé)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞ오〮쇼셔〮",
        "2": "-sòw-ósyòsyé"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞ오〮쇼셔〮 (Yale: -sòw-ósyòsyé)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞ오〮",
        "2": "-sòwó"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞ오〮 (Yale: -sòwó)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-소",
        "2": "-swo"
      },
      "expansion": "소 (Yale: -swo)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞ오-",
        "2": "-sow(o)-",
        "5": "late form of <i class=\"Kore mention\" lang=\"okm\">ᄉᆞᇦ〯</i> (-sǒW-)"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞ오 (Yale: -sow(o)-, late form of ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (-sǒW-))",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-으이",
        "2": "-ui",
        "5": "colloquial sentence-final suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "으이 (Yale: -ui, colloquial sentence-final suffix)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞ외",
        "2": "-sow-oy"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞ외 (Yale: -sow-oy)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "*-쇠"
      },
      "expansion": "*쇠",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-소",
        "2": "-swo"
      },
      "expansion": "소 (Yale: -swo)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᆸ",
        "2": "-sop"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᆸ (Yale: -sop)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-솝",
        "2": "-swop"
      },
      "expansion": "솝 (Yale: -swop)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᇦ〯-",
        "2": "-sǒW-"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᇦ〯-",
        "2": "-sǒW-"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᅀᆞᇦ〯-",
        "2": "-zǒW-"
      },
      "expansion": "ᅀᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -zǒW-)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "/z/"
      },
      "expansion": "/z/",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Ultimately from Middle Korean ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-, object-honorific suffix), which gradually came to have an addressee-honoring meaning. Compare 오 (-o-), 옵 (-op-), from the same suffix and both now with addressee-honoring meaning.\nFirst attested for the imperative mood in the late sixteenth century. It expanded to the declarative and interrogative moods in the eighteenth century. However, it is not clear if the two suffixes are related.\nThe early imperative suffix was invariably 소 (-so), as in modern Gyeongsang. There are many theories about its etymology, but the most widely accepted one is that it is shortened from Middle Korean ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-, object-honorific suffix) + ᄋᆞ쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: -òsyósyé, highly deferential imperative suffix):\n:ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (Yale: -sòW-ósyòsyé) > ᄉᆞ오〮쇼셔〮 (Yale: -sòw-ósyòsyé) > ᄉᆞ오〮 (Yale: -sòwó) > 소 (Yale: -swo)\nFor the declarative and interrogative suffixes, there are again many theories:\n* Directly from the imperative suffix.\n* Equivalent to ᄉᆞ오 (Yale: -sow(o)-, late form of ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (-sǒW-)) + 으이 (Yale: -ui, colloquial sentence-final suffix):\n*: ᄉᆞ외 (Yale: -sow-oy) > unattested *쇠 (Yale: *-swoy) > 소 (Yale: -swo)\n* From the Early Modern polite suffix ᄉᆞᆸ (Yale: -sop) via intermediary 솝 (Yale: -swop); this is also ultimately from ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-).\nThe form is 오 (-o) after sonorants because Middle Korean ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-) was ᅀᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -zǒW-) in such environments, and Middle Korean /z/ was subsequently deleted.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "소",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-so",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "소 • (-so)",
      "name": "ko-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "It's cold today.",
          "roman": "Oneul nar-i chup-so.",
          "text": "오늘 날이 춥소.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the semi-formal style, a register in which the speaker acknowledges the listener's high status without conceding their own:",
        "Marks the declarative mood."
      ],
      "id": "en--소-ko-suffix-M8-Plpa7",
      "links": [
        [
          "semi-formal style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hao-che"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Was the opposition severe?",
          "roman": "Banbar-i sim-haet-so?",
          "text": "반발이 심했소?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the semi-formal style, a register in which the speaker acknowledges the listener's high status without conceding their own:",
        "Marks the interrogative mood."
      ],
      "id": "en--소-ko-suffix-6zJLGhMj",
      "links": [
        [
          "semi-formal style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hao-che"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 23 7 5 17 12 7 5 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 29 7 6 11 9 7 6 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 29 6 5 14 10 6 5 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 7 32 6 5 15 11 6 5 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Solve the following equation.",
          "roman": "Da'eum bangjeongsig-eul pu-si-o.",
          "text": "다음 방정식을 푸시오.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Come to Daegu.",
          "roman": "Daegu-ro o-so.",
          "text": "대구로 오소. (Gyeongsang dialect)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the semi-formal style, a register in which the speaker acknowledges the listener's high status without conceding their own:",
        "Marks the imperative mood; the form is 으오 (-euo) in Standard Korean and 소 (-so) in Gyeongsang."
      ],
      "id": "en--소-ko-suffix-z99Oo3sM",
      "links": [
        [
          "semi-formal style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hao-che"
        ],
        [
          "으오",
          "-으오#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "소",
          "-소#Korean"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Jeolla Korean",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "So we got married, kept on living here and had kids, [but] now since our children have moved to the city it's only me and my wife living here.",
          "ref": "2013 February 5, 최동만 [choedongman], “결혼하기까지 [gyeolhonhagikkaji]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 장흥군 유치면 [jeollanamdo jangheunggun yuchimyeon]:",
          "roman": "choedongman",
          "text": "결혼해가지고 계속 여그서 새끼들 낳고, 새끼들 인자 도시로 보내고 우리 할머니 둘이만 살고 있소.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the 허씨요체 style, a general polite speech level used e.g. when addressing one's parents or a stranger on the street, or when talking to a social inferior in formal contexts:",
        "Marks the declarative mood."
      ],
      "id": "en--소-ko-suffix-PiZKew83",
      "links": [
        [
          "허씨요체",
          "허씨요체#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "speech",
          "speech#English"
        ],
        [
          "level",
          "level#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Jeolla dialect) Used in the 허씨요체 style, a general polite speech level used e.g. when addressing one's parents or a stranger on the street, or when talking to a social inferior in formal contexts:",
        "Marks the declarative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Jeolla",
        "dialectal",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Jeolla Korean",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the 허씨요체 style, a general polite speech level used e.g. when addressing one's parents or a stranger on the street, or when talking to a social inferior in formal contexts:",
        "Marks the interrogative mood."
      ],
      "id": "en--소-ko-suffix-OdeDg2Na",
      "links": [
        [
          "허씨요체",
          "허씨요체#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "speech",
          "speech#English"
        ],
        [
          "level",
          "level#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Jeolla dialect) Used in the 허씨요체 style, a general polite speech level used e.g. when addressing one's parents or a stranger on the street, or when talking to a social inferior in formal contexts:",
        "Marks the interrogative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Jeolla",
        "dialectal",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Jeolla Korean",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 10 16 6 5 22 16 6 5 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 18 4 4 26 17 4 4 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the 허소체 style, a speech level denoting emotional intimacy, used e.g. when addressing one's wife or speaking to one's family members"
      ],
      "id": "en--소-ko-suffix-r68FSZJm",
      "links": [
        [
          "허소체",
          "허소체#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "speech",
          "speech#English"
        ],
        [
          "level",
          "level#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Jeolla dialect) Used in the 허소체 style, a speech level denoting emotional intimacy, used e.g. when addressing one's wife or speaking to one's family members:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Jeolla",
        "dialectal",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Jeolla Korean",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the 허소체 style, a speech level denoting emotional intimacy, used e.g. when addressing one's wife or speaking to one's family members:",
        "Marks the imperative mood."
      ],
      "id": "en--소-ko-suffix-yX9nYCw~",
      "links": [
        [
          "허소체",
          "허소체#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "speech",
          "speech#English"
        ],
        [
          "level",
          "level#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Jeolla dialect) Used in the 허소체 style, a speech level denoting emotional intimacy, used e.g. when addressing one's wife or speaking to one's family members:",
        "Marks the imperative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Jeolla",
        "dialectal",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Hamgyong Korean",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "But you're not from the south so you don't attach it (the -요 suffix) at the end as well.",
          "ref": "2021 August 22, 한유미 [hanyumi], “남한정착 3개월차 탈북녀들의 황당한 한국생활 계획! 북한사투리 버전 [namhanjeongchak 3gaewolcha talbungnyeodeurui hwangdanghan han'guksaenghwal gyehoek! bukhansaturi beojeon]”, in 중고차는 유미카 [junggochaneun yumika], 함경남도 북청군 [hamgyeongnamdo bukcheonggun]:",
          "roman": "hanyumi",
          "text": "언니 한국사람 아이지 않소 그러니까 아이 붙인단 말이네.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the declarative mood."
      ],
      "id": "en--소-ko-suffix-89a3Sz5W",
      "links": [
        [
          "formal polite style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hasipsio-che"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Hamgyong) Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the declarative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Hamgyong",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Hamgyong Korean",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the interrogative mood."
      ],
      "id": "en--소-ko-suffix-QQKbSLYI",
      "links": [
        [
          "formal polite style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hasipsio-che"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Hamgyong) Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the interrogative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Hamgyong",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Hamgyong Korean",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Look here, my friends",
          "ref": "1971, 황봉 [hwangbong], “그물당기는소리날바소리 [geumuldanggineunsori-nalbasori]”, in MBC 한국민요대전 음반자료 사이트 [MBC han'gungminyodaejeon eumbanjaryo saiteu], 함경북도 선봉군 (현 라선특별시 선봉구역) 굴포리 [hamgyeongbukdo seonbonggun (hyeon raseonteukbyeolsi seonbongguyeok) gulpori]:",
          "roman": "hwangbong",
          "text": "여보소 동무님네들",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the imperative mood."
      ],
      "id": "en--소-ko-suffix-B6~AOgYE",
      "links": [
        [
          "formal polite style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hasipsio-che"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Hamgyong) Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the imperative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Hamgyong",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[sʰo̞]",
      "tags": [
        "SK-Standard",
        "Seoul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "hangeul": "소"
    },
    {
      "other": "[소]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-o",
      "word": "오"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "In Standard Korean",
      "roman": "-u",
      "word": "우"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "after vowels"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "l",
      "word": "ㄹ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "to be; to not be",
      "roman": "anida",
      "word": "and the copulas 이다 and 아니다"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-yo",
      "word": "요 — In Jeolla and Gyeongsang"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "to be; to not be",
      "roman": "aida",
      "word": "and the copulas 이다 and 아이다"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-euo",
      "word": "으오"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "alternative Standard Korean forms after consonants",
      "roman": "-euu",
      "word": "으우"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "alternative Jeolla form after consonants",
      "roman": "-euyo",
      "word": "으요"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-소"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
    "Korean lemmas",
    "Korean suffixes",
    "Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
    "Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
    "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
    "Middle Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "-yo",
      "word": "요"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-irau",
      "word": "이라우"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-iso",
      "word": "이소"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "okm",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Korean",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᇦ〯-",
        "2": "-sǒW-",
        "5": "object-honorific suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-, object-honorific suffix)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "okm",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Korean",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᇦ〯-",
        "2": "-sǒW-",
        "5": "object-honorific suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-, object-honorific suffix)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄋᆞ쇼〮셔〮",
        "2": "-òsyósyé",
        "5": "highly deferential imperative suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄋᆞ쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: -òsyósyé, highly deferential imperative suffix)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮쇼셔〮",
        "2": "-sòW-ósyòsyé"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (Yale: -sòW-ósyòsyé)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞ오〮쇼셔〮",
        "2": "-sòw-ósyòsyé"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞ오〮쇼셔〮 (Yale: -sòw-ósyòsyé)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞ오〮",
        "2": "-sòwó"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞ오〮 (Yale: -sòwó)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-소",
        "2": "-swo"
      },
      "expansion": "소 (Yale: -swo)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞ오-",
        "2": "-sow(o)-",
        "5": "late form of <i class=\"Kore mention\" lang=\"okm\">ᄉᆞᇦ〯</i> (-sǒW-)"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞ오 (Yale: -sow(o)-, late form of ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (-sǒW-))",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-으이",
        "2": "-ui",
        "5": "colloquial sentence-final suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "으이 (Yale: -ui, colloquial sentence-final suffix)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞ외",
        "2": "-sow-oy"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞ외 (Yale: -sow-oy)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "*-쇠"
      },
      "expansion": "*쇠",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-소",
        "2": "-swo"
      },
      "expansion": "소 (Yale: -swo)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᆸ",
        "2": "-sop"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᆸ (Yale: -sop)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-솝",
        "2": "-swop"
      },
      "expansion": "솝 (Yale: -swop)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᇦ〯-",
        "2": "-sǒW-"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᄉᆞᇦ〯-",
        "2": "-sǒW-"
      },
      "expansion": "ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-ᅀᆞᇦ〯-",
        "2": "-zǒW-"
      },
      "expansion": "ᅀᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -zǒW-)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "/z/"
      },
      "expansion": "/z/",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Ultimately from Middle Korean ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-, object-honorific suffix), which gradually came to have an addressee-honoring meaning. Compare 오 (-o-), 옵 (-op-), from the same suffix and both now with addressee-honoring meaning.\nFirst attested for the imperative mood in the late sixteenth century. It expanded to the declarative and interrogative moods in the eighteenth century. However, it is not clear if the two suffixes are related.\nThe early imperative suffix was invariably 소 (-so), as in modern Gyeongsang. There are many theories about its etymology, but the most widely accepted one is that it is shortened from Middle Korean ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-, object-honorific suffix) + ᄋᆞ쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: -òsyósyé, highly deferential imperative suffix):\n:ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (Yale: -sòW-ósyòsyé) > ᄉᆞ오〮쇼셔〮 (Yale: -sòw-ósyòsyé) > ᄉᆞ오〮 (Yale: -sòwó) > 소 (Yale: -swo)\nFor the declarative and interrogative suffixes, there are again many theories:\n* Directly from the imperative suffix.\n* Equivalent to ᄉᆞ오 (Yale: -sow(o)-, late form of ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (-sǒW-)) + 으이 (Yale: -ui, colloquial sentence-final suffix):\n*: ᄉᆞ외 (Yale: -sow-oy) > unattested *쇠 (Yale: *-swoy) > 소 (Yale: -swo)\n* From the Early Modern polite suffix ᄉᆞᆸ (Yale: -sop) via intermediary 솝 (Yale: -swop); this is also ultimately from ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-).\nThe form is 오 (-o) after sonorants because Middle Korean ᄉᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -sǒW-) was ᅀᆞᇦ〯 (Yale: -zǒW-) in such environments, and Middle Korean /z/ was subsequently deleted.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "소",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-so",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "소 • (-so)",
      "name": "ko-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "It's cold today.",
          "roman": "Oneul nar-i chup-so.",
          "text": "오늘 날이 춥소.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the semi-formal style, a register in which the speaker acknowledges the listener's high status without conceding their own:",
        "Marks the declarative mood."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "semi-formal style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hao-che"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Was the opposition severe?",
          "roman": "Banbar-i sim-haet-so?",
          "text": "반발이 심했소?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the semi-formal style, a register in which the speaker acknowledges the listener's high status without conceding their own:",
        "Marks the interrogative mood."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "semi-formal style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hao-che"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Solve the following equation.",
          "roman": "Da'eum bangjeongsig-eul pu-si-o.",
          "text": "다음 방정식을 푸시오.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Come to Daegu.",
          "roman": "Daegu-ro o-so.",
          "text": "대구로 오소. (Gyeongsang dialect)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the semi-formal style, a register in which the speaker acknowledges the listener's high status without conceding their own:",
        "Marks the imperative mood; the form is 으오 (-euo) in Standard Korean and 소 (-so) in Gyeongsang."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "semi-formal style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hao-che"
        ],
        [
          "으오",
          "-으오#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "소",
          "-소#Korean"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Jeolla Korean",
        "Korean terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "So we got married, kept on living here and had kids, [but] now since our children have moved to the city it's only me and my wife living here.",
          "ref": "2013 February 5, 최동만 [choedongman], “결혼하기까지 [gyeolhonhagikkaji]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 장흥군 유치면 [jeollanamdo jangheunggun yuchimyeon]:",
          "roman": "choedongman",
          "text": "결혼해가지고 계속 여그서 새끼들 낳고, 새끼들 인자 도시로 보내고 우리 할머니 둘이만 살고 있소.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the 허씨요체 style, a general polite speech level used e.g. when addressing one's parents or a stranger on the street, or when talking to a social inferior in formal contexts:",
        "Marks the declarative mood."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "허씨요체",
          "허씨요체#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "speech",
          "speech#English"
        ],
        [
          "level",
          "level#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Jeolla dialect) Used in the 허씨요체 style, a general polite speech level used e.g. when addressing one's parents or a stranger on the street, or when talking to a social inferior in formal contexts:",
        "Marks the declarative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Jeolla",
        "dialectal",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Jeolla Korean"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the 허씨요체 style, a general polite speech level used e.g. when addressing one's parents or a stranger on the street, or when talking to a social inferior in formal contexts:",
        "Marks the interrogative mood."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "허씨요체",
          "허씨요체#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "speech",
          "speech#English"
        ],
        [
          "level",
          "level#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Jeolla dialect) Used in the 허씨요체 style, a general polite speech level used e.g. when addressing one's parents or a stranger on the street, or when talking to a social inferior in formal contexts:",
        "Marks the interrogative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Jeolla",
        "dialectal",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Jeolla Korean"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the 허소체 style, a speech level denoting emotional intimacy, used e.g. when addressing one's wife or speaking to one's family members"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "허소체",
          "허소체#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "speech",
          "speech#English"
        ],
        [
          "level",
          "level#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Jeolla dialect) Used in the 허소체 style, a speech level denoting emotional intimacy, used e.g. when addressing one's wife or speaking to one's family members:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Jeolla",
        "dialectal",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Jeolla Korean"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the 허소체 style, a speech level denoting emotional intimacy, used e.g. when addressing one's wife or speaking to one's family members:",
        "Marks the imperative mood."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "허소체",
          "허소체#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "speech",
          "speech#English"
        ],
        [
          "level",
          "level#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Jeolla dialect) Used in the 허소체 style, a speech level denoting emotional intimacy, used e.g. when addressing one's wife or speaking to one's family members:",
        "Marks the imperative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Jeolla",
        "dialectal",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Hamgyong Korean",
        "Korean terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "But you're not from the south so you don't attach it (the -요 suffix) at the end as well.",
          "ref": "2021 August 22, 한유미 [hanyumi], “남한정착 3개월차 탈북녀들의 황당한 한국생활 계획! 북한사투리 버전 [namhanjeongchak 3gaewolcha talbungnyeodeurui hwangdanghan han'guksaenghwal gyehoek! bukhansaturi beojeon]”, in 중고차는 유미카 [junggochaneun yumika], 함경남도 북청군 [hamgyeongnamdo bukcheonggun]:",
          "roman": "hanyumi",
          "text": "언니 한국사람 아이지 않소 그러니까 아이 붙인단 말이네.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the declarative mood."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "formal polite style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hasipsio-che"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Hamgyong) Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the declarative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Hamgyong",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Hamgyong Korean"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the interrogative mood."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "formal polite style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hasipsio-che"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Hamgyong) Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the interrogative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Hamgyong",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Hamgyong Korean",
        "Korean terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Look here, my friends",
          "ref": "1971, 황봉 [hwangbong], “그물당기는소리날바소리 [geumuldanggineunsori-nalbasori]”, in MBC 한국민요대전 음반자료 사이트 [MBC han'gungminyodaejeon eumbanjaryo saiteu], 함경북도 선봉군 (현 라선특별시 선봉구역) 굴포리 [hamgyeongbukdo seonbonggun (hyeon raseonteukbyeolsi seonbongguyeok) gulpori]:",
          "roman": "hwangbong",
          "text": "여보소 동무님네들",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the imperative mood."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "formal polite style",
          "w:Korean speech levels#Hasipsio-che"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Hamgyong) Used in the formal polite style:",
        "Marks the imperative mood."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Hamgyong",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[sʰo̞]",
      "tags": [
        "SK-Standard",
        "Seoul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "hangeul": "소"
    },
    {
      "other": "[소]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "-o",
      "word": "오"
    },
    {
      "english": "In Standard Korean",
      "roman": "-u",
      "word": "우"
    },
    {
      "word": "after vowels"
    },
    {
      "roman": "l",
      "word": "ㄹ"
    },
    {
      "english": "to be; to not be",
      "roman": "anida",
      "word": "and the copulas 이다 and 아니다"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-yo",
      "word": "요 — In Jeolla and Gyeongsang"
    },
    {
      "english": "to be; to not be",
      "roman": "aida",
      "word": "and the copulas 이다 and 아이다"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-euo",
      "word": "으오"
    },
    {
      "english": "alternative Standard Korean forms after consonants",
      "roman": "-euu",
      "word": "으우"
    },
    {
      "english": "alternative Jeolla form after consonants",
      "roman": "-euyo",
      "word": "으요"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-소"
}