"食べる" meaning in Japanese

See 食べる in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: [ta̠be̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]
Etymology: From earlier Old Japanese form 食ぶ (tabu, “to (humbly) receive or get”, from a superior), a verb with the 下二段 (shimo nidan) or lower bigrade conjugation pattern. This was the humble form of 賜ぶ, 給ぶ (tabu, “to (deign to) give”, to an inferior), a verb with the full 四段 (yodan) or quadrigrade conjugation pattern. Development Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru. Most likely cognate with 給う (tamau, “to give”, as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior). Compare the historical development of meaning from “to humbly receive” → “to eat”, with the modern use of the humble verb 頂く (itadaku, “to receive”) just before eating, in a sense of “I humbly receive this food.” Etymology templates: {{inh|ja|ojp|-}} Old Japanese, {{m|ja|食ぶ||to (humbly) receive or get|pos=from a superior|tr=tabu}} 食ぶ (tabu, “to (humbly) receive or get”, from a superior), {{m|ja|下二段|tr=shimo nidan}} 下二段 (shimo nidan), {{m|ja|賜ぶ}} 賜ぶ, {{m|ja|給ぶ||to (deign to) give|pos=to an inferior|tr=tabu}} 給ぶ (tabu, “to (deign to) give”, to an inferior), {{m|ja|四段|tr=yodan}} 四段 (yodan), {{m|ja|下二段活用||lower bigrade conjugation|tr=shimo nidan katsuyō}} 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”), {{m|ja|下一段活用||lower monograde conjugation|tr=shimo ichidan katsuyō}} 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”), {{m|ja|給う||to give|pos=as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior|tr=tamau}} 給う (tamau, “to give”, as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior), {{m|ja|頂く||to receive|tr=itadaku}} 頂く (itadaku, “to receive”) Head templates: {{ja-verb|たべる|tr=transitive|type=2}} 食(た)べる • (taberu) transitive ichidan (stem 食(た)べ (tabe), past 食(た)べた (tabeta)) Forms: 食べる [canonical] (ruby: 食(た)), taberu [romanization], 食べ [stem] (ruby: 食(た)), 食べた [past] (ruby: 食(た)), no-table-tags [table-tags], 食べ [error-unrecognized-form], たべ [error-unrecognized-form], tabe [error-unrecognized-form], 食べる [error-unrecognized-form], たべる [error-unrecognized-form], taberu [error-unrecognized-form], 食べれ [error-unrecognized-form], たべれ [error-unrecognized-form], tabere [error-unrecognized-form], 食べよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], 食べろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], たべよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], たべろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], tabeyo [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], tabero [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], 食べられる [passive], たべられる [passive], taberareru [passive], 食べさせる [causative], 食べさす [causative], たべさせる [causative], たべさす [causative], tabesaseru [causative], tabesasu [causative], 食べられる [potential], 食べれる [colloquial, potential], たべられる [potential], たべれる [colloquial, potential], taberareru [potential], tabereru [colloquial, potential], 食べよう [volitional], たべよう [volitional], tabeyō [volitional], 食べない [negative], 食べぬ [negative], 食べん [negative], たべない [negative], たべぬ [negative], たべん [negative], tabenai [negative], tabenu [negative], taben [negative], 食べず [continuative, negative], たべず [continuative, negative], tabezu [continuative, negative], 食べます [formal], たべます [formal], tabemasu [formal], 食べた [perfective], たべた [perfective], tabeta [perfective], 食べて [conjunctive], たべて [conjunctive], tabete [conjunctive], 食べれば [conditional, hypothetical], たべれば [conditional, hypothetical], tabereba [conditional, hypothetical]
  1. to eat
    Sense id: en-食べる-ja-verb-Unr3wQmn Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with manual fragments, Japanese links with redundant alt parameters, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 50 50 Disambiguation of Japanese links with manual fragments: 55 45 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant alt parameters: 55 45 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 55 45 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations: 55 45 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 55 45
  2. (archaic, humble) to eat or drink Tags: archaic, humble
    Sense id: en-食べる-ja-verb-2cIkVYOn Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with manual fragments Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 50 50 Disambiguation of Japanese links with manual fragments: 55 45
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: 召し上がる (meshiagaru) (ruby: 召(め), 上(あ)) [honorific], 食う (kuu) (ruby: 食(く)) [masculine, vulgar], まぼる (maboru) [obsolete], まぐらる (maguraru) Synonyms (of animals): 食む (hamu) (ruby: 食(は))
Disambiguation of 'of animals': 0 0

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for 食べる meaning in Japanese (10.9kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ojp",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Japanese",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "食ぶ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to (humbly) receive or get",
        "pos": "from a superior",
        "tr": "tabu"
      },
      "expansion": "食ぶ (tabu, “to (humbly) receive or get”, from a superior)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "下二段",
        "tr": "shimo nidan"
      },
      "expansion": "下二段 (shimo nidan)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "賜ぶ"
      },
      "expansion": "賜ぶ",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "給ぶ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to (deign to) give",
        "pos": "to an inferior",
        "tr": "tabu"
      },
      "expansion": "給ぶ (tabu, “to (deign to) give”, to an inferior)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "四段",
        "tr": "yodan"
      },
      "expansion": "四段 (yodan)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "下二段活用",
        "3": "",
        "4": "lower bigrade conjugation",
        "tr": "shimo nidan katsuyō"
      },
      "expansion": "下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "下一段活用",
        "3": "",
        "4": "lower monograde conjugation",
        "tr": "shimo ichidan katsuyō"
      },
      "expansion": "下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "給う",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to give",
        "pos": "as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior",
        "tr": "tamau"
      },
      "expansion": "給う (tamau, “to give”, as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "頂く",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to receive",
        "tr": "itadaku"
      },
      "expansion": "頂く (itadaku, “to receive”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From earlier Old Japanese form 食ぶ (tabu, “to (humbly) receive or get”, from a superior), a verb with the 下二段 (shimo nidan) or lower bigrade conjugation pattern. This was the humble form of 賜ぶ, 給ぶ (tabu, “to (deign to) give”, to an inferior), a verb with the full 四段 (yodan) or quadrigrade conjugation pattern.\nDevelopment\nNatural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.\nMost likely cognate with 給う (tamau, “to give”, as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior).\nCompare the historical development of meaning from “to humbly receive” → “to eat”, with the modern use of the humble verb 頂く (itadaku, “to receive”) just before eating, in a sense of “I humbly receive this food.”",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "食べる",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "食",
          "た"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "taberu",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べ",
      "roman": "tabe",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "食",
          "た"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べた",
      "roman": "tabeta",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "食",
          "た"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-ichi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "taberu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabere",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabeyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabero",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "taberareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabesaseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabesasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べれる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべれる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "taberareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabereru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabeyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べぬ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べん",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべぬ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべん",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabenai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabenu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "taben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べます",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべます",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabemasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べた",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべた",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabeta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べて",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべて",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabereba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "たべる",
        "tr": "transitive",
        "type": "2"
      },
      "expansion": "食(た)べる • (taberu) transitive ichidan (stem 食(た)べ (tabe), past 食(た)べた (tabeta))",
      "name": "ja-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to eat a meal",
          "roman": "go-han o taberu",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "飯",
              "はん"
            ],
            [
              "食",
              "た"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "ご飯を食べる"
        },
        {
          "english": "to eat with chopsticks",
          "roman": "hashi de taberu",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "箸",
              "はし"
            ],
            [
              "食",
              "た"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "箸で食べる"
        },
        {
          "english": "I'll go to Ginza today to eat sushi.",
          "roman": "Kyō wa, sushi o tabe ni Ginza ni ikimasu.",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "今日",
              "きょう"
            ],
            [
              "寿司",
              "すし"
            ],
            [
              "食",
              "た"
            ],
            [
              "銀座",
              "ぎんざ"
            ],
            [
              "行",
              "い"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "今日は、寿司を食べに銀座に行きます。"
        },
        {
          "english": "in order to make a living (lit. in order to keep eating)",
          "roman": "tabeteiku tame ni",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "食",
              "た"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "食べていくために"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to eat"
      ],
      "id": "en-食べる-ja-verb-Unr3wQmn",
      "links": [
        [
          "eat",
          "eat"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "55 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to eat or drink"
      ],
      "id": "en-食べる-ja-verb-2cIkVYOn",
      "links": [
        [
          "humble",
          "humble"
        ],
        [
          "eat",
          "eat"
        ],
        [
          "drink",
          "drink"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic, humble) to eat or drink"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "humble"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "たべる"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ta̠be̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "meshiagaru",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "召",
          "め"
        ],
        [
          "上",
          "あ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "honorific"
      ],
      "word": "召し上がる"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "kuu",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "食",
          "く"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "vulgar"
      ],
      "word": "食う"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "maboru",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "まぼる"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "maguraru",
      "word": "まぐらる"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "hamu",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "食",
          "は"
        ]
      ],
      "sense": "of animals",
      "word": "食む"
    }
  ],
  "word": "食べる"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with manual fragments",
    "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
    "Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
    "Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
    "Japanese transitive verbs",
    "Japanese type 2 verbs",
    "Japanese verbs"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ojp",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Japanese",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "食ぶ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to (humbly) receive or get",
        "pos": "from a superior",
        "tr": "tabu"
      },
      "expansion": "食ぶ (tabu, “to (humbly) receive or get”, from a superior)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "下二段",
        "tr": "shimo nidan"
      },
      "expansion": "下二段 (shimo nidan)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "賜ぶ"
      },
      "expansion": "賜ぶ",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "給ぶ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to (deign to) give",
        "pos": "to an inferior",
        "tr": "tabu"
      },
      "expansion": "給ぶ (tabu, “to (deign to) give”, to an inferior)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "四段",
        "tr": "yodan"
      },
      "expansion": "四段 (yodan)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "下二段活用",
        "3": "",
        "4": "lower bigrade conjugation",
        "tr": "shimo nidan katsuyō"
      },
      "expansion": "下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "下一段活用",
        "3": "",
        "4": "lower monograde conjugation",
        "tr": "shimo ichidan katsuyō"
      },
      "expansion": "下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "給う",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to give",
        "pos": "as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior",
        "tr": "tamau"
      },
      "expansion": "給う (tamau, “to give”, as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "頂く",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to receive",
        "tr": "itadaku"
      },
      "expansion": "頂く (itadaku, “to receive”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From earlier Old Japanese form 食ぶ (tabu, “to (humbly) receive or get”, from a superior), a verb with the 下二段 (shimo nidan) or lower bigrade conjugation pattern. This was the humble form of 賜ぶ, 給ぶ (tabu, “to (deign to) give”, to an inferior), a verb with the full 四段 (yodan) or quadrigrade conjugation pattern.\nDevelopment\nNatural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.\nMost likely cognate with 給う (tamau, “to give”, as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior).\nCompare the historical development of meaning from “to humbly receive” → “to eat”, with the modern use of the humble verb 頂く (itadaku, “to receive”) just before eating, in a sense of “I humbly receive this food.”",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "食べる",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "食",
          "た"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "taberu",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べ",
      "roman": "tabe",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "食",
          "た"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べた",
      "roman": "tabeta",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "食",
          "た"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-ichi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "taberu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabere",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabeyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabero",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "taberareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabesaseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabesasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べれる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべられる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべれる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "taberareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabereru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabeyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べぬ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べん",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべぬ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべん",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabenai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabenu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "taben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べます",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべます",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabemasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べた",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべた",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabeta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べて",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべて",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "食べれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "たべれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tabereba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "たべる",
        "tr": "transitive",
        "type": "2"
      },
      "expansion": "食(た)べる • (taberu) transitive ichidan (stem 食(た)べ (tabe), past 食(た)べた (tabeta))",
      "name": "ja-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to eat a meal",
          "roman": "go-han o taberu",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "飯",
              "はん"
            ],
            [
              "食",
              "た"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "ご飯を食べる"
        },
        {
          "english": "to eat with chopsticks",
          "roman": "hashi de taberu",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "箸",
              "はし"
            ],
            [
              "食",
              "た"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "箸で食べる"
        },
        {
          "english": "I'll go to Ginza today to eat sushi.",
          "roman": "Kyō wa, sushi o tabe ni Ginza ni ikimasu.",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "今日",
              "きょう"
            ],
            [
              "寿司",
              "すし"
            ],
            [
              "食",
              "た"
            ],
            [
              "銀座",
              "ぎんざ"
            ],
            [
              "行",
              "い"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "今日は、寿司を食べに銀座に行きます。"
        },
        {
          "english": "in order to make a living (lit. in order to keep eating)",
          "roman": "tabeteiku tame ni",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "食",
              "た"
            ]
          ],
          "text": "食べていくために"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to eat"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "eat",
          "eat"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese humble terms",
        "Japanese terms with archaic senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to eat or drink"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "humble",
          "humble"
        ],
        [
          "eat",
          "eat"
        ],
        [
          "drink",
          "drink"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic, humble) to eat or drink"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "humble"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "たべる"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ta̠be̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "meshiagaru",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "召",
          "め"
        ],
        [
          "上",
          "あ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "honorific"
      ],
      "word": "召し上がる"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kuu",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "食",
          "く"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "vulgar"
      ],
      "word": "食う"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hamu",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "食",
          "は"
        ]
      ],
      "sense": "of animals",
      "word": "食む"
    },
    {
      "roman": "maboru",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "まぼる"
    },
    {
      "roman": "maguraru",
      "word": "まぐらる"
    }
  ],
  "word": "食べる"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "食べる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "食べる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
  "path": [
    "食べる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "食べる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
  "path": [
    "食べる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "食べる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
  "path": [
    "食べる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "食べる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
  "path": [
    "食べる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "食べる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
  "path": [
    "食べる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "食べる",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
  "path": [
    "食べる"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "食べる",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.