"浪人" meaning in Japanese

See 浪人 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: [ɾo̞ːɲ̟ĩɴ] Forms: 浪人 [canonical] (ruby: 浪(ろう), 人(にん)), rōnin [romanization], raunin [romanization], らうにん [hiragana, historical]
Etymology: From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén. Originally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements. Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams. Etymology templates: {{der|ja|ltc|-|sort=ろうにん}} Middle Chinese, {{cog|cmn|-}} Mandarin Head templates: {{ja-noun|ろうにん|hhira=らうにん}} 浪(ろう)人(にん) • (rōnin) ^(←らうにん (raunin)?)
  1. a masterless samurai
    Sense id: en-浪人-ja-noun-26r~~xj7 Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with redundant alt parameters, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 12 3 2 2 26 27 2 7 21 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant alt parameters: 14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 14 4 2 2 21 24 2 9 22 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 15 4 2 2 21 23 2 9 22
  2. a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer Categories (topical): People Synonyms (wanderer): 流浪人 (rurōnin), 流浪者 (rurōsha)
    Sense id: en-浪人-ja-noun-px-eiT-e Disambiguation of People: 0 18 21 24 8 19 0 0 10 Disambiguation of 'wanderer': 0 78 6 8 4 5
  3. someone in exile Categories (topical): People
    Sense id: en-浪人-ja-noun-PH6iUDKA Disambiguation of People: 0 18 21 24 8 19 0 0 10 Categories (other): Japanese terms with 2 kanji, Japanese verbs without transitivity Disambiguation of Japanese terms with 2 kanji: 9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17 Disambiguation of Japanese verbs without transitivity: 3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16
  4. a prisoner Categories (topical): People Synonyms (exile, prisoner): 牢者 (rōsha) (ruby: 牢者(ろうしゃ))
    Sense id: en-浪人-ja-noun-mdHNnPdT Disambiguation of People: 0 18 21 24 8 19 0 0 10 Disambiguation of 'exile, prisoner': 0 4 27 53 5 11
  5. someone who has been laid off or fired, an unemployed person Synonyms (unemployed person): 失業者 (shitsugyōsha) (ruby: 失業者(しつぎょうしゃ))
    Sense id: en-浪人-ja-noun-mXob6Yt2 Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with redundant alt parameters, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with 2 kanji, Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys, Japanese verbs without transitivity Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 12 3 2 2 26 27 2 7 21 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant alt parameters: 14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 14 4 2 2 21 24 2 9 22 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with 2 kanji: 9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 15 4 2 2 21 23 2 9 22 Disambiguation of Japanese verbs without transitivity: 3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16 Disambiguation of 'unemployed person': 0 10 3 14 62 10
  6. a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: 浪人生 (rōninsei) Categories (topical): People
    Sense id: en-浪人-ja-noun-YSVLaQS- Disambiguation of People: 0 18 21 24 8 19 0 0 10 Categories (other): Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes, Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with redundant alt parameters, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with 2 kanji, Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys, Japanese verbs without transitivity Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 12 3 2 2 26 27 2 7 21 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant alt parameters: 14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 14 4 2 2 21 24 2 9 22 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with 2 kanji: 9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 15 4 2 2 21 23 2 9 22 Disambiguation of Japanese verbs without transitivity: 3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: 浪人生 (rōninsei) (ruby: 浪人生(ろうにんせい)) (english: a student who failed the annual university entrance exam and is waiting to take them again)

Verb

IPA: [ɾo̞ːɲ̟ĩɴ]
Etymology: From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén. Originally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements. Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams. Etymology templates: {{der|ja|ltc|-|sort=ろうにん}} Middle Chinese, {{cog|cmn|-}} Mandarin Forms: 浪人する [canonical] (ruby: 浪(ろう), 人(にん)), rōnin suru [romanization], raunin [romanization], 浪人し [stem] (ruby: 浪(ろう), 人(にん)), 浪人した [past] (ruby: 浪(ろう), 人(にん)), no-table-tags [table-tags], 浪人し [error-unrecognized-form], ろうにんし [error-unrecognized-form], rōnin shi [error-unrecognized-form], 浪人する [error-unrecognized-form], ろうにんする [error-unrecognized-form], rōnin suru [error-unrecognized-form], 浪人すれ [error-unrecognized-form], ろうにんすれ [error-unrecognized-form], rōnin sure [error-unrecognized-form], 浪人せよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], 浪人しろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], ろうにんせよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], ろうにんしろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], rōnin seyo [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], rōnin shiro [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], 浪人される [passive], ろうにんされる [passive], rōnin sareru [passive], 浪人させる [causative], 浪人さす [causative], ろうにんさせる [causative], ろうにんさす [causative], rōnin saseru [causative], rōnin sasu [causative], 浪人できる [potential], ろうにんできる [potential], rōnin dekiru [potential], 浪人しよう [volitional], ろうにんしよう [volitional], rōnin shiyō [volitional], 浪人しない [negative], ろうにんしない [negative], rōnin shinai [negative], 浪人せず [continuative, negative], ろうにんせず [continuative, negative], rōnin sezu [continuative, negative], 浪人します [formal], ろうにんします [formal], rōnin shimasu [formal], 浪人した [perfective], ろうにんした [perfective], rōnin shita [perfective], 浪人して [conjunctive], ろうにんして [conjunctive], rōnin shite [conjunctive], 浪人すれば [conditional, hypothetical], ろうにんすれば [conditional, hypothetical], rōnin sureba [conditional, hypothetical]
  1. to become unemployed, to lose one's job Synonyms (become unemployed): 失業 (shitsugyō) (ruby: 失業(しつぎょう))
    Sense id: en-浪人-ja-verb-WiDkBZZC Categories (other): Japanese terms with 2 kanji, Japanese verbs without transitivity Disambiguation of Japanese terms with 2 kanji: 9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17 Disambiguation of Japanese verbs without transitivity: 3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16 Disambiguation of 'become unemployed': 95 2 4
  2. (archaic) to lose one's master Tags: archaic
    Sense id: en-浪人-ja-verb-8fHcnIph Categories (other): Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Japanese terms with 2 kanji, Japanese verbs without transitivity Disambiguation of Japanese terms with 2 kanji: 9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17 Disambiguation of Japanese verbs without transitivity: 3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16
  3. to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing Categories (topical): People
    Sense id: en-浪人-ja-verb-XEqPlZZL Disambiguation of People: 0 18 21 24 8 19 0 0 10 Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with redundant alt parameters, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with 2 kanji, Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys, Japanese verbs without transitivity Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 12 3 2 2 26 27 2 7 21 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant alt parameters: 14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 14 4 2 2 21 24 2 9 22 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with 2 kanji: 9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 15 4 2 2 21 23 2 9 22 Disambiguation of Japanese verbs without transitivity: 3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16
     
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "a student who failed the annual university entrance exam and is waiting to take them again",
      "roman": "rōninsei",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "浪人生",
          "ろうにんせい"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "浪人生"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-",
        "sort": "ろうにん"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Chinese",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cmn",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Mandarin",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén.\nOriginally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements. Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "浪人",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "浪",
          "ろう"
        ],
        [
          "人",
          "にん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "raunin",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "らうにん",
      "roman": "raunin",
      "tags": [
        "hiragana",
        "historical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ろうにん",
        "hhira": "らうにん"
      },
      "expansion": "浪(ろう)人(にん) • (rōnin) ^(←らうにん (raunin)?)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "12 3 2 2 26 27 2 7 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 24 2 9 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "15 4 2 2 21 23 2 9 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a masterless samurai"
      ],
      "id": "en-浪人-ja-noun-26r~~xj7",
      "links": [
        [
          "master",
          "master"
        ],
        [
          "samurai",
          "samurai"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 18 21 24 8 19 0 0 10",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ja",
          "name": "People",
          "orig": "ja:People",
          "parents": [
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1177–1188: Iroha Jiruishō",
          "text": "浪（ラウ）人"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer"
      ],
      "id": "en-浪人-ja-noun-px-eiT-e",
      "links": [
        [
          "vagrant",
          "vagrant"
        ],
        [
          "vagabond",
          "vagabond"
        ],
        [
          "wanderer",
          "wanderer"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "0 78 6 8 4 5",
          "roman": "rurōnin",
          "sense": "wanderer",
          "word": "流浪人"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "0 78 6 8 4 5",
          "roman": "rurōsha",
          "sense": "wanderer",
          "word": "流浪者"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 18 21 24 8 19 0 0 10",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ja",
          "name": "People",
          "orig": "ja:People",
          "parents": [
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Rǒnin. ラゥニン (牢人) 追放された人."
        },
        {
          "text": "More specifically spelled 牢人."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "someone in exile"
      ],
      "id": "en-浪人-ja-noun-PH6iUDKA",
      "links": [
        [
          "exile",
          "exile"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 18 21 24 8 19 0 0 10",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ja",
          "name": "People",
          "orig": "ja:People",
          "parents": [
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "More specifically spelled 牢人."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a prisoner"
      ],
      "id": "en-浪人-ja-noun-mdHNnPdT",
      "links": [
        [
          "prisoner",
          "prisoner"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "0 4 27 53 5 11",
          "roman": "rōsha",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "牢者",
              "ろうしゃ"
            ]
          ],
          "sense": "exile, prisoner",
          "word": "牢者"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "12 3 2 2 26 27 2 7 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 24 2 9 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "15 4 2 2 21 23 2 9 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1682: 好色一代男 (page 70)",
          "text": "罷出たるは此あたり八百八祢宜の子共、諸方の浪人友噪ぎにして、かざえ扇は、何しのぶぞかし。"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1686: 好色一代女 (page 363)",
          "text": "「こなたは御牢人衆なるが、御奉公済ざるうちは、折ふし気慰に御入あるべし。」"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1686: 好色一代女 (page 437)",
          "text": "「京の石垣くづれなりと、さる御牢人衆の娘御なりと、新町で天神して居た女郎の果なりと、おまえへさまも見しらしやつて御ざんす事も」と"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "someone who has been laid off or fired, an unemployed person"
      ],
      "id": "en-浪人-ja-noun-mXob6Yt2",
      "links": [
        [
          "laid off",
          "laid off"
        ],
        [
          "fired",
          "fired"
        ],
        [
          "unemployed",
          "unemployed"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "0 10 3 14 62 10",
          "roman": "shitsugyōsha",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "失業者",
              "しつぎょうしゃ"
            ]
          ],
          "sense": "unemployed person",
          "word": "失業者"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 3 2 2 26 27 2 7 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 24 2 9 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "15 4 2 2 21 23 2 9 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 18 21 24 8 19 0 0 10",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ja",
          "name": "People",
          "orig": "ja:People",
          "parents": [
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: 浪人生 (rōninsei)"
      ],
      "id": "en-浪人-ja-noun-YSVLaQS-",
      "links": [
        [
          "student",
          "student"
        ],
        [
          "university",
          "university"
        ],
        [
          "浪人生",
          "浪人生#Japanese"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ろーにん"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ɾo̞ːɲ̟ĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Heian period",
    "Muromachi period",
    "Nara period",
    "Rōnin",
    "ja:浪人"
  ],
  "word": "浪人"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-",
        "sort": "ろうにん"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Chinese",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cmn",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Mandarin",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén.\nOriginally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements. Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "浪人する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "浪",
          "ろう"
        ],
        [
          "人",
          "にん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "raunin",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人し",
      "roman": "rōnin shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "浪",
          "ろう"
        ],
        [
          "人",
          "にん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人した",
      "roman": "rōnin shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "浪",
          "ろう"
        ],
        [
          "人",
          "にん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to become unemployed, to lose one's job"
      ],
      "id": "en-浪人-ja-verb-WiDkBZZC",
      "links": [
        [
          "unemployed",
          "unemployed"
        ],
        [
          "lose",
          "lose"
        ],
        [
          "job",
          "job"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "95 2 4",
          "roman": "shitsugyō",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "失業",
              "しつぎょう"
            ]
          ],
          "sense": "become unemployed",
          "word": "失業"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to lose one's master"
      ],
      "id": "en-浪人-ja-verb-8fHcnIph",
      "links": [
        [
          "lose",
          "lose"
        ],
        [
          "master",
          "master"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) to lose one's master"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "12 3 2 2 26 27 2 7 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 24 2 9 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 9 11 4 18 11 10 11 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 4 2 2 21 23 2 10 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "15 4 2 2 21 23 2 9 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 10 11 5 15 12 16 12 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 18 21 24 8 19 0 0 10",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ja",
          "name": "People",
          "orig": "ja:People",
          "parents": [
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing"
      ],
      "id": "en-浪人-ja-verb-XEqPlZZL",
      "links": [
        [
          "study",
          "study"
        ],
        [
          "university",
          "university"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ろーにん"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ɾo̞ːɲ̟ĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Heian period",
    "Muromachi period",
    "Nara period",
    "Rōnin",
    "ja:浪人"
  ],
  "word": "浪人"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
    "Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
    "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese verbs",
    "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
    "Pages with 4 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "ja:People"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "a student who failed the annual university entrance exam and is waiting to take them again",
      "roman": "rōninsei",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "浪人生",
          "ろうにんせい"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "浪人生"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-",
        "sort": "ろうにん"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Chinese",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cmn",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Mandarin",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén.\nOriginally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements. Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "浪人",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "浪",
          "ろう"
        ],
        [
          "人",
          "にん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "raunin",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "らうにん",
      "roman": "raunin",
      "tags": [
        "hiragana",
        "historical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ろうにん",
        "hhira": "らうにん"
      },
      "expansion": "浪(ろう)人(にん) • (rōnin) ^(←らうにん (raunin)?)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "a masterless samurai"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "master",
          "master"
        ],
        [
          "samurai",
          "samurai"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1177–1188: Iroha Jiruishō",
          "text": "浪（ラウ）人"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "vagrant",
          "vagrant"
        ],
        [
          "vagabond",
          "vagabond"
        ],
        [
          "wanderer",
          "wanderer"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Rǒnin. ラゥニン (牢人) 追放された人."
        },
        {
          "text": "More specifically spelled 牢人."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "someone in exile"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "exile",
          "exile"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "More specifically spelled 牢人."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a prisoner"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "prisoner",
          "prisoner"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1682: 好色一代男 (page 70)",
          "text": "罷出たるは此あたり八百八祢宜の子共、諸方の浪人友噪ぎにして、かざえ扇は、何しのぶぞかし。"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1686: 好色一代女 (page 363)",
          "text": "「こなたは御牢人衆なるが、御奉公済ざるうちは、折ふし気慰に御入あるべし。」"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1686: 好色一代女 (page 437)",
          "text": "「京の石垣くづれなりと、さる御牢人衆の娘御なりと、新町で天神して居た女郎の果なりと、おまえへさまも見しらしやつて御ざんす事も」と"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "someone who has been laid off or fired, an unemployed person"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "laid off",
          "laid off"
        ],
        [
          "fired",
          "fired"
        ],
        [
          "unemployed",
          "unemployed"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: 浪人生 (rōninsei)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "student",
          "student"
        ],
        [
          "university",
          "university"
        ],
        [
          "浪人生",
          "浪人生#Japanese"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ろーにん"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ɾo̞ːɲ̟ĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "rurōnin",
      "sense": "wanderer",
      "word": "流浪人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "rurōsha",
      "sense": "wanderer",
      "word": "流浪者"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shitsugyōsha",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "失業者",
          "しつぎょうしゃ"
        ]
      ],
      "sense": "unemployed person",
      "word": "失業者"
    },
    {
      "roman": "rōsha",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "牢者",
          "ろうしゃ"
        ]
      ],
      "sense": "exile, prisoner",
      "word": "牢者"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Heian period",
    "Muromachi period",
    "Nara period",
    "Rōnin",
    "ja:浪人"
  ],
  "word": "浪人"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
    "Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
    "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese verbs",
    "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
    "Pages with 4 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "ja:People"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ltc",
        "3": "-",
        "sort": "ろうにん"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Chinese",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cmn",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Mandarin",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén.\nOriginally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements. Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "浪人する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "浪",
          "ろう"
        ],
        [
          "人",
          "にん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "raunin",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人し",
      "roman": "rōnin shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "浪",
          "ろう"
        ],
        [
          "人",
          "にん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人した",
      "roman": "rōnin shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "浪",
          "ろう"
        ],
        [
          "人",
          "にん"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "浪人すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ろうにんすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōnin sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to become unemployed, to lose one's job"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "unemployed",
          "unemployed"
        ],
        [
          "lose",
          "lose"
        ],
        [
          "job",
          "job"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese terms with archaic senses",
        "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to lose one's master"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "lose",
          "lose"
        ],
        [
          "master",
          "master"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) to lose one's master"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "study",
          "study"
        ],
        [
          "university",
          "university"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ろーにん"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ɾo̞ːɲ̟ĩɴ]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "shitsugyō",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "失業",
          "しつぎょう"
        ]
      ],
      "sense": "become unemployed",
      "word": "失業"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Heian period",
    "Muromachi period",
    "Nara period",
    "Rōnin",
    "ja:浪人"
  ],
  "word": "浪人"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 浪人 meaning in Japanese (11.7kB)

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "浪人"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "浪人",
  "trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "浪人"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "浪人",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "浪人"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "浪人",
  "trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
  "path": [
    "浪人"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "浪人",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
  "path": [
    "浪人"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "浪人",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
  "path": [
    "浪人"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "浪人",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
  "path": [
    "浪人"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "浪人",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
  "path": [
    "浪人"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "浪人",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
  "path": [
    "浪人"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "浪人",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (f889f65 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.