"卑下" meaning in Japanese

See 卑下 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: [çiɡe̞] Forms: 卑下 [canonical] (ruby: (), ()), hige [romanization]
Head templates: {{ja-noun|ひげ}} 卑(ひ)下(げ) • (hige)
  1. humility Synonyms: 謙遜 (kenson) (ruby: (けん), (そん))
    Sense id: en-卑下-ja-noun-aMSrc1cC Categories (other): Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 94 6 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 93 7 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations: 95 5 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 94 6

Verb

IPA: [çiɡe̞]
Forms: 卑下する [canonical] (ruby: (), ()), hige suru [romanization], 卑下し [stem] (ruby: (), ()), 卑下した [past] (ruby: (), ()), no-table-tags [table-tags], 卑下し [error-unrecognized-form], ひげし [error-unrecognized-form], hige shi [error-unrecognized-form], 卑下する [error-unrecognized-form], ひげする [error-unrecognized-form], hige suru [error-unrecognized-form], 卑下すれ [error-unrecognized-form], ひげすれ [error-unrecognized-form], hige sure [error-unrecognized-form], 卑下せよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], 卑下しろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], ひげせよ [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], ひげしろ [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], hige seyo [error-unrecognized-form, imperative, literary], hige shiro [colloquial, error-unrecognized-form, imperative], 卑下される [passive], ひげされる [passive], hige sareru [passive], 卑下させる [causative], 卑下さす [causative], ひげさせる [causative], ひげさす [causative], hige saseru [causative], hige sasu [causative], 卑下できる [potential], ひげできる [potential], hige dekiru [potential], 卑下しよう [volitional], ひげしよう [volitional], hige shiyō [volitional], 卑下しない [negative], ひげしない [negative], hige shinai [negative], 卑下せず [continuative, negative], ひげせず [continuative, negative], hige sezu [continuative, negative], 卑下します [formal], ひげします [formal], hige shimasu [formal], 卑下した [perfective], ひげした [perfective], hige shita [perfective], 卑下して [conjunctive], ひげして [conjunctive], hige shite [conjunctive], 卑下すれば [conditional, hypothetical], ひげすれば [conditional, hypothetical], hige sureba [conditional, hypothetical]
  1. to humble oneself Synonyms: 謙る (herikudaru) (ruby: (へりくだ))
    Sense id: en-卑下-ja-verb-Jbw-JNgQ

Download JSON data for 卑下 meaning in Japanese (6.1kB)

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "卑下",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "卑",
          "ひ"
        ],
        [
          "下",
          "げ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ひげ"
      },
      "expansion": "卑(ひ)下(げ) • (hige)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "94 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "93 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "95 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "94 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "humility"
      ],
      "id": "en-卑下-ja-noun-aMSrc1cC",
      "links": [
        [
          "humility",
          "humility"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "roman": "kenson",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "謙",
              "けん"
            ],
            [
              "遜",
              "そん"
            ]
          ],
          "word": "謙遜"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ひげ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[çiɡe̞]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "卑下"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "卑下する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "卑",
          "ひ"
        ],
        [
          "下",
          "げ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下し",
      "roman": "hige shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "卑",
          "ひ"
        ],
        [
          "下",
          "げ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下した",
      "roman": "hige shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "卑",
          "ひ"
        ],
        [
          "下",
          "げ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to humble oneself"
      ],
      "id": "en-卑下-ja-verb-Jbw-JNgQ",
      "links": [
        [
          "humble",
          "humble"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "roman": "herikudaru",
          "ruby": [
            [
              "謙",
              "へりくだ"
            ]
          ],
          "word": "謙る"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ひげ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[çiɡe̞]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "卑下"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
    "Japanese transitive verbs",
    "Japanese verbs"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "卑下",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "卑",
          "ひ"
        ],
        [
          "下",
          "げ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ひげ"
      },
      "expansion": "卑(ひ)下(げ) • (hige)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "humility"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "humility",
          "humility"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ひげ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[çiɡe̞]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "kenson",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "謙",
          "けん"
        ],
        [
          "遜",
          "そん"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "謙遜"
    }
  ],
  "word": "卑下"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese suru verbs",
    "Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
    "Japanese transitive verbs",
    "Japanese verbs"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "卑下する",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "卑",
          "ひ"
        ],
        [
          "下",
          "げ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige suru",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下し",
      "roman": "hige shi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "卑",
          "ひ"
        ],
        [
          "下",
          "げ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下した",
      "roman": "hige shita",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "卑",
          "ひ"
        ],
        [
          "下",
          "げ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ja-suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下し",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげし",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下する",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげする",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige suru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下すれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげすれ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige sure",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下せよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下しろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげせよ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげしろ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige seyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shiro",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下される",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげされる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige sareru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下させる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下さす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげさせる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげさす",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige saseru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige sasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下できる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげできる",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige dekiru",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "potential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下しよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげしよう",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shiyō",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "volitional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下しない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげしない",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shinai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下せず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげせず",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige sezu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "continuative",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下します",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげします",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shimasu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下した",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげした",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下して",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげして",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige shite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "卑下すれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ひげすれば",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hige sureba",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "hypothetical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to humble oneself"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "humble",
          "humble"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "ひげ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[çiɡe̞]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "herikudaru",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "謙",
          "へりくだ"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "謙る"
    }
  ],
  "word": "卑下"
}
{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "卑下"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "卑下",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
  "path": [
    "卑下"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "卑下",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
  "path": [
    "卑下"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "卑下",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
  "path": [
    "卑下"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "卑下",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
  "path": [
    "卑下"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "卑下",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
  "path": [
    "卑下"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "卑下",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
  "path": [
    "卑下"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "卑下",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (1d5a7d1 and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.